MLA Citation Basics
MLA 7
th
edition
Table of Contents
1. MLA Citation Fundamentals……………………….. P. 1
2. MLA Examples of Popular Sources…………….. P. 3
3. MLA Web Rules…………………………..………………. P. 5
4. MLA Parenthetical Citations……..………………… P. 7
MLA Citation
Fundamentals
Generally, MLA citations follow the below format.
Contributor. Title. Secondary Contributors. Publication Information. Medium.
Contributor Information and Titles
The main contributors to the source, normally the author, are placed before the title. If there is more
than one author, then arrange the authors in the same order found in the source. Reverse only the
name of the first author, and follow the rest in normal form.
One author Smith, John K. Title.
Tw o au th or s Smith, John K., and Tim Sampson. Title.
Three authors Smith, John K., Tim Sampson, and Alex J. Hubbard. Title.
More than three authors Smith, John K., et al. Title.
Sometimes the main contributor is not an author, but another contributor type, such as an editor for a
book or conductor for a musical piece. In this instance, follow the contributor by an abbreviation of
the contributor type (i.e. ed. or cond.). If plural, then change the abbreviation accordingly.
One editor Smith, John K., ed. Title.
Tw o ed it or s Smith, John K., and Tim Sampson, eds. Title.
One conductor Smith, John K., cond. Title.
Many sources have secondary contributors - individuals who added to the work outside the main
contributors. This can include editors and translators for books and producers and screenplay writers
for movies. Place secondary contributors after the title. Precede the name of the contributors with
the abbreviation for the contributor type. For instance, “Ed.” means “Edited by.”
One editor Smith, John. Title. Ed. Bill McCoy.
Tw o ed it or s Smith, John. Title. Ed. Bill McCoy and Tim Thomas.
One conductor and
three producers
Smith, John. Title. Cond. Bill McCoy. Prod. Tim Thomas, Jane Horton,
and Rex Bryant.
You may decide to emphasize the work, for example, when citing a live performance. In this instance,
place all the contributors after the title. Authors and writers are preceded by the word “By.”
One author and editor Title. By John Smith. Ed. Bill McCoy.
Some sources may have corporate or group authors. Write these organization where you would write
the authors. If they are also publishers of the source, include it in the publication information as well.
Corporate author Modern Language Association. Title.
Government author Illinois Dept. of Industrial Relations.. Title.
MLA Citation Fundamentals
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P. 1
Some sources are found within other sources, such as a chapter in a book, or an article in a
periodical. These rules apply both to the contributors of the chapter and book, or to the article.
Chapter author and
editor and two book
compilers
Smith, John. “Chapter.” Ed. Bill McCoy. Title. Comp. Russell Engels
and Steve Simpson.
Author and translator of
an article
Smith, John. “Chapter.” Trans. Bill McCoy. Periodical Title
Title Rules
Generally, capitalize all principal words as well as the first word and last word in the title. If citing a
title for an entire source, such as a book or periodical title, place in italics. If citing an article, essay,
poem or short story within a larger work, place in quotes. If a novel or published independently, then
place in italics.
Publication Information
After the title and contributor information comes the publication information. In MLA7, you must also
list the publication medium (Print, Web) after the publication information. MLA7 abbreviates all
months except for May, June and July. Below are different publication information templates.
Book Last, First M. Title. City: Publisher, Year Published. Medium.
Journal Last, First M. “Article.” Title Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Medium.
Magazine Last, First M. “Article.” Title Date Month Year Published: Page(s). Medium.
Newspaper Last, First M. “Article.” Title [City] Date Month Year, Edition, Section:
Page(s). Medium.
If you cannot find all publication information, use place holders “N.p., n.p., n.d.” which represents
no place, no publisher, and no date. If there are no page numbers use “N. pag.” Capitalize the
abbreviations appropriately based on where they are placed.
Note that we format according to MLA7, we believe adding such place holders is unnecessary, as it
provides no information, and the lack of information can be assumed by its absence in the citation.
Additional information
For less conventional source types, you can add descriptions about the source after the title. For
example, you can add “Cartoon.” or “Map.” after the title of a cartoon or map to clarify to the reader
what type of source you are citing.
When citing non-periodical sources, advanced information such as the edition and section come
before the publication information. Series information comes after the medium description. See the
fictional example below:
Web Sources
See our web resources guides to learn how to properly cite sources found online.
Smith, John. Power. Ed. Tom Riley. 5th ed. Vol 12. New York: Random, 2002. Print. Ser. 50.
MLA Citation Fundamentals
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P. 2
MLA Examples of
Popular Sources
Book
Last, First M. Book. City: Publisher, Year Published. Print.
MLA
Ex:
Website
Last, First M. “Section Title.” Book/Anthology. Ed. First M. Last. Edition. City:
Publisher, Year Published. Page(s). Print.
Chapter/Anthology
MLA
Ex:
Ex: 5th ed. Book Editor
Newspaper
Last, First M. “Article Title.” Newspaper Title Date Month Year Published: Page(s). Print.
MLA
Ex:
Ex:1-5 or A12.
Last, First M., and First M. Last. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s).
Print.
Journal
MLA
Ex:
Tw o A u th o r s
Ex: 2-7 or 32.
Ex: 13
Last, First M. “Article Title.” Website Title. Publisher, Date Month Year. Web. Date Month Year.
MLA
Ex:
Date electronically published
Date Accessed
Online Database (Journal)
Last, First M. “Article Title.” Journal Title Volume.Issue (Year): Page(s). Database Name. Web.
Day Month Year.
MLA
Ex:
Ex: 12.3
Magazine
Last, First M. “Article Title.” Magazine Title Date Month Year Published: Page(s). Print.
MLA
Ex:
Ex:1-5 or 15.
*Note that months in MLA are abbreviated. For example,
“
February
”
is
“
Feb.
”
Carley, Michael J. 1939: The Alliance That Never Was and the Coming of World War II.
Chicago: Dee, 1999. Print.
Melville, Herman. Hawthorne and His Mosses. The Norton Anthology of American Literature.
Ed. Nina Baym. 3rd ed. New York: Norton, 1989. 5-25. Print.
Pressman, Aaron. "Bottom Fishing in Rough Waters." BusinessWeek 29 Sept. 2008: 27. Print.
Campoy, Ana. "Gasoline Surges in Southeast After Ike." The Wall Street Journal 23 Sept. 2008:
A14. Print.
Bharadwaj, Parag, and Katerine T. Ward. "Ethical Considerations of Patients with
Pacemakers." American Family Physician 78 (2008): 398-99. Print.
Satalkar, Bhakti. “Water Aerobics." Buzzle.com. Buzzle.com, 15 July 2010. Web. 16 July 2010.
Ahn, Hyunchul, and Kyoung-jae Kim. "Using Genetic Algorithms to Optimize Nearest Neighbors
for Data Mining." Annals of Operations Research 263.1 (2008): 5-18. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 25 Sept. 2008.
*Essays, shorts stories, and poems are put in quotes. Works originally published independently such as plays and novels generally are italicized
MLA Examples of Popular Sources
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P. 3
TV/ Radio
“Episode.” Contributors. Program. Network. Call Letter, City, Date. Medium.
MLA
Ex:
Interview
Title. Contributors. Distributor, Year of release. Medium viewed.
Film
MLA
Ex:
Visual Art / Photograph
Last, First M. Painting. Year created. Medium of work. Museum / collection, City.
MLA
Ex:
Last, First M. “Speech.” Meeting / Organization. Location. Date. Description.
Lecture / Speech
MLA
Ex:
Interviewee. “Title.” Interview by interviewer. Publication information. Medium.
MLA
Ex:
Magazine, newspaper,
television information
Cartoon
Last, First M. “Title.” Cartoon / Comic strip. Publication information. Medium.
MLA
Ex:
If any
Sound Recording
Contributors. “Song.” Album. Band. Manufacturer, Year. Medium.
MLA
Ex:
*Note that months in MLA are abbreviated. For example,
“
February
”
is
“
Feb.
”
“The Saudi Experience.” Prod. Mary Walsh. Sixty Minutes. CBS. WCBS, New York, 5 May 2009.
Tele v i si o n .
The Dark Knight. Dir. Christopher Nolan. Perf. Christian Bale, Heath Ledger, and Aaron
Eckhart. Warner Bros., 2008. DVD.
Corgan, Billy, and Butch Vig. “To d a y. ” Siamese Dream. Smashing Pumpkins. Virgins Records
America, 1993. CD.
Picasso, Pablo. Three Musicians. 1921. Oil on panel. Museum of Mod. Art, New York.
Obama, Barack H. “Inaugural Address.” 2009 Presidential Inaugural. Capitol Building
Washington. 20 Jan. 2009. Address.
Abdul, Paula. Interview by Cynthia McFadden. Nightline. ABC. WABC, New York. 23 Apr. 2009.
Tele v i si o n .
Trudeau, G a r ry. “Doonesbury.” Comic strip. New York Times 8 May 2008: 12. Print.
MP3, CD etc…
DVD, Film etc..
If any
Magazine, newspaper, book
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P. 4
MLA Examples of Popular Sources
MLA Web Rules
When citing sources from the Internet, try adding as much of the following in the same sequence:
1. Contributor information 5. Publisher or sponsor of website
2. Title of work (quotes) 6. Date of electronic publication
3. Title of overall website (italicized) 7. Medium of publication (web)
4. Version / Edition 8. Date accessed
Sources Published Directly Online
Sources published directly online have no in print originals, and therefore, it is important to include
online publication information (i.e. the website publisher/sponsor and date of electronic publication).
If unavailable, for online only sources, MLA7 suggests writing “N.p, n.d.” which means no publisher
and no date, respectively. We believe adding such place holders is unnecessary, as it provides no
information, and the lack of information can be assumed by its absence in the citation.
Contributors. “Title.” Website. Edition. Website Publisher, Date. Web. Date accessed.
Citing an article from an online only resource
Citing an entire website with no identifiable electronic publication date
Friedland, Lois. "Top 10 Natural and Wildlife Adventure Travel Trips." About.com. New York
Times Company, 22 Sept. 2008. Web. 25 Sept. 2008.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
EasyBib.com. ImagineEasy Solutions, n.d. Web. 8 May 2009.
Note that newspaper and magazines websites are considered non-periodical, directly published online
sources, even if they have in print copies. Follow the published directly online format.
Citing an article from an online only news source
Chen, Stephanie. “Growing up is Hard with Mom in Prison” CNN.com. Cable News Network, 7
May 2009. Web. 8 May 2009.
Many times, the publisher’s name is the same as the online newspaper name.
Citing an article from an online newspaper
Shorto, Russell. “Going Dutch.” New York Times. New York Times, 3 May 2009. Web. 8 May
2009.
Some online only sources have publication information unique to its source type, such as online only
journals (volume & issue information). Follow the journal format and add information on the date
accessed.
Glotzer, Richard and Anne Federlein. “Miles that Bind: Commuter Marriage and Family
Strength.” Michigan Family Review 12 (2007): 7-31. Web. 8 Apr. 2009.
*Note that MLA7 does not require a URL. However, we encourage you to include it. Do so in angled
brackets at the end of the citation
MLA Web Rules
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Sources Published Indirectly Online
As opposed to some sources published by a website (direct), other sources may be originally in print,
or in another medium, and found online. Cite these sources as you would in their original form, and
then add as much relevant web information as possible (website title, publisher / sponsor, date of
electronic publication, medium, and date accessed). However, because the source was not published
by the website, you do not have to use the “N.p, n.d.” place holders if no website publisher or date
of electronic publication is available.
Citing a book originally in print found online
Catton, Bruce. The Civil War. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2005. Google Book Search. Web.
15 May 2008.
Citing a newsletter found online with no page information
Puzzanchera, Charles. "Juvenile Arrests 2007." Juvenile Justice Bulletin (Apr. 2009): n. pag.
National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Web. 8 May 2009.
Citing a video found online
West, Kanye. Amazing. Prod. Hype Williams. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2009. Youtube. Web. 8 Feb.
2009.
Citing a painting viewed online
Picasso, Pablo. Three Musicians. 1921. ArtQuotes.net. Web. 5 Apr. 2006.
Citing a musical recording listened to online, with no discernable manufacturer or date
Park, Obadiah. “Hey Ya.
”
N.d. TheSixtyOne.com. Web. 10 Feb. 2007.
Sources found in online databases typically have been published elsewhere. Include as much as the
original publication information as possible, and then add the database name, medium (web), and the
date accessed.
Citing an originally in print journal article found in a database
Ahn, Hyunchul, and Kyoung-jae Kim. "Using Genetic Algorithms to Optimize Nearest Neighbors
for Data Mining." Annals of Operations Research 263.1 (2008): 5-18. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 25 Sept. 2008.
Citing a digital image found on Google images
Bruce Springsteen. Digital image. Google Images. LIFE. Web. 9 Oct. 2009. <http://
images.google.com>.
*Note in the above example the title is not in quotes because it is a description of the digital image. The URL was truncated to the search URL
because it was too long and complicated.
MLA Web Rules
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MLA Parenthetical
Citations
Researchers place brief parenthetical descriptions to acknowledge which parts of their
paper reference particular sources.!Generally, you want to provide the last name of the
author and the specific page numbers of the source. If such information is already given in
the body of the sentence, then exclude it from the parenthetical citation.
Place the parenthetical citation where there is a pause in the sentence - normally before
the end of a sentence or a comma. The in-text citation will differ depending on how much
information you provide within the sentence.
Why we use parenthetical / in-text citations
Example with author's name in text:
Johnson argues this point (12-13).
Example without author's name in text:
This point had already been argued (Johnson 12-13).
Citing sources with more than one author
If you use sources with the same author surnames, then include a first name initial. If the
two sources have authors with the same initials, then include their full names.
(J. Johnson 12-13). (John Johnson 12-13).
or
If there are two or three authors of the source, include their last names in the order they
appear on the source.
(Smith, Wollensky, and Johnson 45).
If there are more than three authors, you can cite all the authors with their last name, or
you can cite the first author followed by "et al." Follow what is shown the works cited list.
(Smith et al. 45).
Citing sources without an author
Some sources do not have authors or contributors - for instance, when you cite some
websites. Instead, refer to the name of the source in your parenthetical citation in place
of the author. Shorten / abbreviate the name of the source but ensure that your reader can
easily identify it in your bibliography (abbreviate the title starting with the same word in
which it is alphabetized). Punctuate with quotations or italicize as you would in its
bibliographic form (a book is italicized; an article is in quotes).
Double agents are still widely in use (Spies 12-15, 17).
With prices of energy at new highs, bikes have been increasingly used
("Alternative Transportation" 89).
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When citing a specific part of a work, provide the relevant page or section identifier. This
can include specific pages, sections, paragraphs or volumes. When the identifier is
preceded by an abbreviation or word, place a comma between the identifier and the
source reference.
Citing part of a work
When citing a specific page(s) of a multivolume work, precede the page number by the
volume number and a colon. Do not separate by a comma.
It was arguably the most innovative period in history (Webster 4:12-15).
Example of a chapter within a book (if no specific numbers can be referenced):
The electoral college undermines democracy (Sanders, "Government Injustices").!
Example of an article in a periodical:
Allen claims there is an inverse correlation between higher taxes and patriotic
feelings worldwide (B2).
Use "par." or "pars." when referring to specific paragraphs.
The marketing dollars of big studio films has overshadowed good indie movies
(Anderson, pars. 12-34).!
Citing group or corporate authors
In your parenthetical citation, cite a corporate author like you would a normal author.
Preferably, incorporate the corporate author in your text instead of the parenthetical
citation.
Facial transplants pose significant risk to the autoimmune system (American
Medical Association 12-43).
Example of an entire volume of a multivolume work:
It is arguably the most innovative period in history (Webster, vol 4).
As noted by the American Medical Association, facial transplants pose significant
risk to the autoimmune system (12-43).
Citing an entire source
When citing an entire work, there are no specific page numbers to refer to. Therefore it is
preferable to refer to the source within the text itself with either the author or the title of
the source. For example:
Hartford suggests the Internet provides more distractions than it does
information.
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If you reference more than one source by the same author, distinguish the parenthetical
citations by including the name of the source. Use a comma to separate the author from
the source
Citing multiple works by the same author
Industrialized nations are better equipped to rebound from recessions (Friedman,
“High tides” 56).
When an original source is unavailable, then cite the secondhand source – for instance, a
lecture in a conference proceedings. When quoting or paraphrasing a quote, write “qtd.
in” before the author and pages.
John Murray calls Tim Smith “interesting but egotistical” (qtd. in Jesrani 34).
Wars can be economic catalysts (Friedman, World 77-80).
Citing indirect sources
Citing literary / classic and religious works
For works such as novels, plays and other classic works, it’s helpful to provide further
identifying information along with the page information. Do this by adding a semicolon and
then the identifying information following the page number.
(Tolstoy 5; pt. 2, ch. 3).
When citing classic poems and plays, replace page numbers with division numbers (part,
book, scene, act). The below refers to book 10 line 5. Bear in mind the divisions and the
way they are written can vary by source.
Fear plays a role in Homer’s Odyssey (10.5).
The title of books in the bible and other famous literary works should be abbreviated.
(New Jerusalem Bible, Gen. 2.6-9).
Placing parenthetical citations in direct quotations
Sanders explains that economic woes are due to "the mortgage crisis and poor risk
assessment" (20).
When directly quoting a source, place the parenthetical citation after the quote. For
example:
Place the parenthetical citation at!the end of an indented quotation. There should be no
period after the parenthetical citation. The last sentence of the indented quote should
look like:
!It’s unclear whether multilateral tariffs are disruptive to bilateral talks. (Evert
30-31)!
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Generally, follow the same principals of parenthetical citations to cite online sources.
Refer to the author, and if possible, a permanent identifier that would be the same for any
reader.
Citing online sources
Solar power will become the primary source of energy (Williams 2).
If there is no author, use the title that begins the citation, either the article or website
title. Be sure it also takes the same formatting, i.e. articles are in quotes and website
titles are italicized. Shorten / abbreviate the name of the source but ensure that your
reader can easily identify it in your bibliography (abbreviate the title starting with the
same word in which it is alphabetized).
Elephants are thought to be one of the smartest mammals (“Smart Elephants”).
The economy will rebound with the new monetary policies (Smith).
Citing online sources with no author
Nineteen men and women were convicted (Salem Witchcraft Trials).
Ideally, when citing online sources, try to reference the source within your sentence,
with either the author or the title to avoid writing a parenthetical citation
MLA Parenthetical Citations
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