R
ECREATIONAL
A
SSETS OF
S
TATEWIDE
SIGNIFICANCE IN WASHINGTON STATE
Study Report
September 30, 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Washington State Recreation and Conservation Office
Kaleen Cottingham, director
Wendy Brown, policy director
Adam Cole, natural resource policy specialist
Katie Pruit, planning and policy analyst
Julia Marshburn, administrative assistant
Red Barn Communications
Brit Kramer, principal
Shelley Dahle, member services
Larry Otos, associate
Recreational Assets of Statewide Significance Study Advisory Committee
The Honorable Nancy Lilquist,
Councilwoman, Ellensburg City Council
Jon Snyder, recreation policy advisor
Governor’s Office
Dave Schaub, member
Spokane County Parks and Recreation
Advisory Committee
Mike Racine, director
Washington SCUBA Alliance
Brian Adams, director
Skagit County Parks and Recreation
Department
Andrea Imler, advocacy director
Washington Trails Association
Peter Mayer, deputy executive director
Metropolitan Park District of Tacoma
Doug Levy, principal
Outcomes by Levy
David Patton, Northwest director
Trust for Public Land
Owen Rowe, governmental and
legislative affairs director
Washington State Parks and Recreation
Commission
Peter Schrappen, director of
government affairs
Northwest Maritime Trade Association
Leah Dobey, Recreation Program manager
Washington Department of Natural
Resources
Cynthia Wilkerson, Lands Division manager
Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
Chris Zipperer, physical activity coordinator
Washington Department of Health
Cover photograph of Clear Lake near
Eatonville by Tony Sirgedas, courtesy of
the Washington Department of Fish and
Wildlife
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ Back cover
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 1
Map Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 7
Findings ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Foundational Assets .......................................................................................................................... 14
Exceptional Assets ............................................................................................................................. 22
Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 28
Appendix A: Asset Reports ............................................................................................................... 37
Air Activities .................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Archery .............................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Bicycling and Walking................................................................................................................................................. 45
Boating (Motorized and Sailing) ............................................................................................................................ 50
Camping ........................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Climbing, Bouldering, and Scrambling ................................................................................................................ 58
Equestrian in the Backcountry ................................................................................................................................. 62
Firearms ............................................................................................................................................................................ 66
Fishing and Shellfishing ............................................................................................................................................. 70
Hiking and Backpacking ............................................................................................................................................ 73
Hunting with Firearms and Bows ........................................................................................................................... 78
Leisure Activities in Parks .......................................................................................................................................... 82
Mountain Biking ............................................................................................................................................................ 85
Mountaineering ............................................................................................................................................................ 90
Nature Activities ............................................................................................................................................................ 93
Off-Road 4x4 Riding .................................................................................................................................................... 96
Off-Road All-terrain Vehicle Riding ................................................................................................................... 100
Off-Road Motorcycling ........................................................................................................................................... 104
Paddling ........................................................................................................................................................................ 108
Paddling Whitewater ................................................................................................................................................ 112
Playing Sports ............................................................................................................................................................. 116
SCUBA Diving .............................................................................................................................................................. 120
Skiing .............................................................................................................................................................................. 123
Snowmobiling ............................................................................................................................................................. 125
Winter Trails ................................................................................................................................................................. 128
Appendix B: Outreach List .............................................................................................................. 132
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OVERVIEW
Washington has an abundance of natural beauty and a rich tradition of providing
outdoor recreation. The state is home to diverse landscapes that provide nearly
unparalleled opportunities for outdoor enthusiasts. This makes Washington a great
place to live, play, and do business. In addition, outdoor recreation contributes
significantly to state and regional economies, public health, and environmental
resiliency.
With so much to gain by investing in outdoor recreation, the Washington State
Legislature funded a study in 2018 to identify future recreational needs. It tasked the
Recreation and Conservation Office (RCO) with identifying recreational assets of
statewide significance, where gaps in recreational assets exist, and investment strategies
and options for addressing those gaps. The Legislature also directed that the study must
address existing and projected needs of the people of Washington State.
Over the course of the study, RCO consulted more than 80 interest groups, land
managers, organizations, and individuals. An advisory committee consisting of local
agency directors, state policy leads, and user groups provided guidance throughout the
project. In addition, RCO looked at 146 recreational activities and more than 16,000
records of assets that support them.
DEFINING RECREATIONAL ASSETS OF STATEWIDE SIGNIFICANCE
The advisory committee recommended RCO study two types of recreational assets:
foundational and exceptional.
Foundational Assets are facilities that support the most popular recreational activities
in the state (exceeding 30 percent participation).
1
These facilities were deemed
“foundational” to the recreational satisfaction and well-being of Washington’s residents.
Walking trails, community parks, and swimming, are examples of opportunities provided
by foundational assets. RCO mapped these assets by activity and then identified spatial
gaps and levels of service by community.
1
As identified in the State of Washington Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Demand Report, Prepared for
RCO by Eastern Washington University, 2017
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
2
Exceptional Assets represent the most popular, destination-oriented, and iconic places
to recreate in the state. These assets are places of greatest importance to a recreational
group. RCO defined these assets through interviews of statewide user and advocacy
groups, land managers, and others. These places provide a unique experience or activity,
such as rock climbing, whitewater rafting, and backcountry horseback riding. Due to
geography, exceptional assets may not be available in all areas of the state.
Interactive Maps
The study resulted in three interactive maps that are unique resources in Washington.
The maps on RCO’s Web Site identify existing foundational assets and reveal gaps, or
opportunities for future recreational development. The maps may be used as a resource
to community and project planners.
FINDINGS
Population Growth
As Washington’s population is forecast to grow from 7.4 million in 2019 to 9 million in
2040,
2
the State will need to increase investment in outdoor recreation to accommodate
these new residents. Investments also should be made with the goal of maintaining
residents’ relatively high satisfaction with their recreational opportunities (74 percent
were satisfied, according to a 2017 study).
3
Because population growth largely will be
driven by people moving to Washington, there is also a need to strengthen programs
that support these new residents’ appreciation of the state’s heritage.
Population growth will put pressure on local parks and recreation agencies to maintain
and redevelop sites to accommodate increasing use. For example, in urban and
urbanizing areas of the state, facilities such as athletic fields need to be upgraded to
synthetic, multi-sport surfaces to increase capacity during peak use times and allow
year-round availability for a diversity of sports. Similarly, trail corridors and open space
facilities need to be secured to meet future needs.
2
Office of Financial Management (OFM) Population Forecast 2010-2040, OFM Forecasting and Research
Division, State of Washington, 2019
3
State of Washington Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Demand Report, Prepared for RCO by Eastern
Washington University, 2017, p47-52
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
3
Trails and Backcountry Recreation
• Many statewide and regional trails lack completeness with missing links and
underdeveloped segments.
• Overcrowding at backcountry sites and trailheads, and a lack of amenities.
• Missing or inadequate road access.
• Regional gaps in off-road vehicle facilities and lack of statewide, long-distance
routes for off-roaders.
• Lack of a cross-state (Cascade Mountain range) mountain bike route.
• Lack of access for hunting.
Water-based Recreation
• Lack of boat launches in mid and south Puget Sound, and moorage in south
Puget Sound, San Juan Islands, and areas of the Columbia River.
• Lack of shoreline access for boaters and paddlers.
• Better coordination of water trail (paddling) experiences should be prioritized.
Volunteers and Private Recreation Lands
• Public agencies are not well staffed to maximize the contribution of volunteers
and private sector partners.
• Recreationists want more access to private forests and farmland for hunting and
other forms of backcountry recreation.
• Recreationists also want more access across private lands to reach landlocked
public lands and upland amenities from state-owned tidelands.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
4
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Preserve existing state funding programs that support the acquisition,
development, management, and maintenance of local and state parks and
recreation facilities and programs.
• Expand facilities at trailheads and backcountry destinations to serve more users
and protect natural resources.
• Help local, urban and urbanizing governments maintain and add capacity to
existing sites, and invest in more multisport facilities in response to population
growth.
• Fill gaps in motorboat moorage, launches, and marinas in locations in Puget
Sound, the San Juan Islands, and the Columbia River to better serve marine
recreation.
• Fund positions at land manager agencies so they may increase partnerships and
contributions from volunteers to support and expand opportunities.
• Establish a statewide trails system advisory committee to better coordinate
regional and long-distance trail programs and fully fund a cross-state trail route.
• Create incentives and fund programs that expand recreational access on and
through private lands.
• Fund targeted investments in backcountry road maintenance and reconstruction
to preserve and expand opportunities.
• Pilot an outdoor recreation council in one or more regions of the state aimed at
creating efficiencies in providing parks and recreation services with the goal of
expanding opportunities.
• Improve map applications built as part of this study by regularly updating the
recreational inventory and adding demographic information and other data to
better identify investment priorities and measure return on investments.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
5
LINKING TO THE STATEWIDE PLAN
This study addresses existing and future needs of Washingtonians and helps fulfil the
goals of the Washington State Recreation and Conservation Plan 2018-2022.
4
It is
intended to be a resource for policy-makers at all levels of government when they plan
and implement recreation and conservation initiatives.
The scope of the study supports the goals of the Washington State Recreation and
Conservation Plan 2018-2022 in the following ways:
• Sustain and grow the legacy of parks, trails, and conservation lands.
o Renovate facilities to meet today’s recreation needs.
o Pursue regional solutions to recreation and conservation.
o Maintain residents’ level of satisfaction in recreation.
• Position recreation and conservation as a vital public service.
o Promote the outdoor recreation economy and other benefits.
• Improve equity.
o Locate and build recreation facilities for underserved populations.
5
o Connect more people to popular activities.
o Provide experiences where people go the most.
o Enhance community health and safety.
4
Washington State Recreation and Conservation Plan 2018-2022, Recreation and Conservation Office,
Washington State, 2018
5
Underserved populations are often referred to as “at-risk populations.”
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6
• Get youth outside.
o Provide a variety of activities for youth.
o Build and renovate athletic facilities.
• Plan for culturally relevant parks and trails to meet changing demographics.
o Create new and diverse opportunities.
o Accommodate the active senior population.
ABOUT RCO
RCO is a state agency that manages grant programs to create outdoor recreation
opportunities, conserve wildlife habitat and working farms and forests, and help return
salmon from near extinction. RCO also serves as a central planning organization for the
recreational and conservation needs of the state and a repository of information for all
levels of government and the public.
7
MAP ANALYSIS
The first task of the study was to define recreational assets of statewide significance. To
be most inclusive, RCO established two definitions: Foundational Assets and Exceptional
Assets.
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
These are facilities that support the most popular forms of recreation in the state as
identified in the State of Washington 2017 Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Demand
Report.
6
Any facility that supports the top 12 categories (at least 30 percent of residents
participate) are deemed “foundational” to the recreational satisfaction and well-being of
the state’s residents. These assets are in an interactive map on the RCO Web site. Below
are the foundational activities and the facilities associated with them:
Foundational Activities
Facilities
Biking and mountain
biking
Biking facilities are trails and pathways separated from a
roadway. They also may be bike parks, which are parks or
areas inside a park designed for biking.
Mountain biking facilities are trails on state, federal, and
some local government recreation lands where mountain
biking is allowed.
Boating
Any public boat launch, dock, or marina designated for
motorized boat or sailboat use, including private marinas.
Camping
Any public campground.
Fishing
Any water access point where fishing is allowed. May be a
bank, pier, dock, or similar surface.
Hiking
Any trail on state, federal, and some local government
recreation land.
Leisure activities in a
park
Any local or state park
Nature activities
Any open space or natural area with recreational access,
such as a trail or path.
State of Washington Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Demand Report, Prepared for RCO by Eastern
Washington University, 2017, p57-62
MAP ANALYSIS
8
Foundational Activities
Facilities
Paddling
Any public water access facility that could safely and
efficiently accommodate launching a kayak, canoe, stand-
up paddleboard, or similar vessel.
Playing sports
Any park or similar facility with a sport court or playfield
Swimming
Public or semi-public,
7
outdoor or indoor pool or
freshwater beach as well as wading pools and spray pads
Walking
Trails and pathways separated from a roadway, parks, and
open space including public school grounds where walking
likely takes place.
Winter recreation
Any facility used for alpine or cross-country ski, snowshoe,
snowmobile, or similar activity.
Staff assessed access to foundational sites by establishing limits on a reasonable
distance a person would walk or drive to get there, which varied by asset type. RCO then
performed three map analyses for these assets. The three maps listed below were
created to show where gaps may exist.
Gap Analysis Map
This simple gap analysis covered communities with 1,000 or more residents and all
federally recognized tribal communities. The analysis shows where citizens have access
to foundational assets and where they do not. The maps illustrate where lack of services
may exist but do not account for the condition of the assets or how many people are
served. For example, when evaluating hiking opportunities, staff identified very few gaps
in the entire state, meaning that people in larger communities have access to at least
one hiking point. That fact might indicate that there are enough places to go hiking but
it fails to address the level of service, such as how crowded the trails are, if parking is
adequate, and whether the trails are maintained adequately.
7
Includes facilities like YMCAs and Boys and Girls Clubs, not private swim clubs.
MAP ANALYSIS
9
Populated Areas Service Levels Map
This map was created to provide more context than the gap analysis map described
above. It looks at communities of 5,000 residents or more
8
with one or more asset and
depicts a service level analysis that consists of totaling assets
9
divided by the population
of the community. This value is then shown as a user ratio in the maps and shows the
level of service a category of assets provides in a community. This ratio represents a
relative measure of access based on how many people likely will be using assets in an
area.
County Service Levels Map
This map is similar to the populated areas map but information is studied by county.
Through this analysis, each county has a user ratio by activity, which allows comparison
between counties.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
These assets are those places of greatest importance to user groups. These assets were
identified by their popularity, exceptional and iconic nature, and status as a destination
site.
Methodology
These sites were identified through more than 80 interviews and surveys with statewide
or regional user groups, land managers, and other organizations and individuals that
represent specific recreationists or experiences. Staff asked them what their significant
assets were, where gaps existed, challenges, and future needs. Staff distilled the
information into 25 Asset and Activity Stakeholder Reports (Appendix A) and made
recommendations therein.
8
Only communities in counties that plan under the state Growth Management Act were included in the
analysis to allow unincorporated urban growth areas in counties and urban growth areas associated with
cities and towns to be included.
9
Recreation units in the community were included in this analysis as well as those available assets outside
the community but within the activity opportunity measure (drive/walk time).
10
FINDINGS
POPULATION AND SATISFACTION
Population Change in Washington State
Washington’s population is expected to continue increasing from 7.4 million residents in
2019 to more than 9 million by 2040. The Washington Office of Financial Management
10
forecast for 2040 includes the following:
• 1.9 million children (0-17 years old)
• 5.3 million people of working age (18-64 years old)
• 2 million elderly (65 years old and older)
• Population growth will be attributed mostly to people moving here.
• The elderly population is increasing dramatically; 1 in 5 Washingtonians will be
65 years or older by 2028.
• In 2040, the
state will have
74
dependents
for every
100 people of
working age.
The map to the right
shows that all
counties in
Washington are
growing, and as a
10
Office of Financial Management (OFM) Population Forecast 2010-2040, OFM Forecasting and Research
Division, State of Washington, 2019
FINDINGS
11
percent of
growth, many
counties
11
in
2019 grew
faster than the
most populated
counties.
12
The map to the
right shows the
counties with
the highest
percent of total
state
population.
Based on this
information,
parks and
recreation
facility investment should be prioritized for the most populous and fastest growing
counties because a growing and changing demographic will result in changes in activity
preferences and demand for new facilities. Although it is important to think about the
recommendations of this study in the context of expected population change,
investments also should be prioritized in those counties that are destinations for
recreationists living elsewhere. These are Ferry, Garfield, Jefferson, Kittitas, Okanogan,
Pacific, and Skamania Counties.
13
These findings based on population should be studied further after additional
functionality is built into the map applications produced for this study (see
Recommendations section) and the next statewide participation survey is conducted in
2022.
11
Benton, Franklin, Kittitas, Klickitat, Skagit, Wahkiakum, and Whatcom Counties
12
Clark, King, Kitsap, Pierce, Snohomish, Spokane, and Thurston Counties
13
Economic Analysis of Outdoor Recreation in Washington State, Earth Economics, 2015, p16-19.
FINDINGS
12
Satisfaction
As the chart below shows, residents overall are satisfied with their recreational
opportunities. Investments should be prioritized to maintain this relatively high
satisfaction and raise satisfaction for those activities that need improvement.
Overall Recreational Satisfaction of Washington Residents in 2017.
14
The four most popular activities (leisure and nature activities, walking, and swimming) all
had relatively high satisfaction ratings (combination of “Satisfied” and “Highly
Satisfied”).
15
14
State of Washington 2017 Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Demand Report, Prepared for RCO by
Eastern Washington University, 2017, p47.
15
State of Washington 2017 Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Demand Report, Prepared for RCO by
Eastern Washington University, 2017, p47–52, and 57–62.
FINDINGS
13
SUMMARY
With consistent population growth projected for the next 20 years, use of, and
competition for, assets will grow. While many assets may be able to accommodate
increased demand, many will not. To maintain high satisfaction and improve it where
needed, more investment is recommended. All levels of government should invest in
developing new facilities, renovating areas to accommodate expanding and changing
uses, and maintaining sites to optimize their use. In addition, with the increase in
residents coming primarily from outside the state, interviews with land managers and
stakeholders show that efforts also should be made to support and expand heritage
sites, wildlife viewing, and environmental and historical interpretation programs to
educate and inform these new residents on Washington’s history.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Hunting
Off-road Vehicle Riding
Target Shooting
Sports
Swimming
Walking
Nature Activities
Leisure Activities in a Park
Satisfaction Ratings
14
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
SUMMARY
Staff created a map of foundational recreation assets across the state, which is a new
dataset and resource. The limited scope of this study allowed only a high-level look at
the spatial data to identify where recreational facilities exist and where they do not. Staff
also examined the amount of service provided by an individual facility and type of
facility. Staff would encourage more investment in this work to better identify spatial,
service level, and socio-economic-demographic needs. Staff also recommends
establishing service level thresholds by recreational activity to better identify needs and
evaluate a return on investment.
COUNTY SERVICE LEVELS MAP
The County Service Levels Map summarizes recreation availability by county. This map
gives the best general picture of the assets and level of service and illustrates which
counties have the most assets, relative to their population. What this map fails to
capture is the number of out-of-county residents who use the assets. Large numbers of
tourists may greatly increase the crowding of those assets and decrease the level of
service.
Similar to the
Populated Areas
Service Map
described later
in this report,
this map
contains no level
of service
standard against
which to
measure. For
example, in the
map to the right
for northern Washington, the yellow counties have a lower mountain bike user ratio
than the orange county (Okanogan). The red counties (Chelan, Ferry, and Kittitas) have
the highest user ratio.
Mountain bike user ratio differences in northern Washington counties. Yellow has
lowest user ratio, orange (Okanogan County) has higher, and the red counties (Chelan,
Ferry, and Kittitas) have the highest user ratios for mountain bike recreationists.
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
15
GAP ANALYSIS MAP
The Gap Analysis Map shows where there is service in the state and where there is not
by asset type. The analysis shows that most communities have service by most of the
foundational assets, but
there are noteworthy gaps.
Details for each asset are
summarized below.
Biking
Most communities lacked
sufficient biking facilities.
Communities with these
assets tended to be
associated with major
transportation routes and
retired railroad lines (rails to
trails) running through them.
Moreover, larger
communities (a combination of space and population) tended to exhibit greater access
to biking facilities than smaller communities.
Boating and Sailing
Nearly all the communities in the map show access for boating. However, there are
notable exceptions in many small eastern Washington communities and the
communities immediately next to north Seattle. The availability of water in western
Washington likely explains better boating access there. Similar to sports fields, the
capacity and individual service provided at each facility is likely more of a determinant of
access than the presence of any boating access site.
Northern Mercer Island area. Access points for biking are indicated by
a biking icon and their corresponding service areas are in orange
shading. People outside the orange areas may have less access to these
biking assets.
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
16
Camping
The map shows service coverage for nearly all of the study communities. Although the
map suggests that there is adequate camping for the state’s recreationists, staff are not
confident in this conclusion. The study cannot distinguish between the type of camping
(recreational vehicle, bike, car, tent, yurt, etc.) or the number of sites at each
campground. Upgrading the maps to allow for land managers and others to populate
these data fields would improve the analysis.
Fishing
Similar to boating and sailing, there appears to be greater access to fishing
opportunities in western Washington likely due to the abundance of lakes, rivers, Puget
Sound, and the Pacific Ocean. There are some notable gaps in service in the Cascade
Mountain foothill communities in King County and in many small eastern Washington
communities.
Hiking
Hiking is the foundational asset with the fewest gaps. Similar to mountain bike trails,
hiking trails are very diffuse throughout the state and located along major
transportation routes. Therefore, the vast majority of the state’s populated areas have
access to hiking facilities. A notable exception is northwest and southwest Seattle
because these areas exceed the
drive time measure (of 30
minutes) to the closest hiking
opportunity, which is the
Cougar Mountain Park trailhead
near Newcastle and Issaquah.
Leisure Activities in a Park
A park is defined as any park or
similar open space, such as a
public school, with grounds
suitable for casual recreation.
The opportunity measure is a
10-minute walk from a home.
Greater Spokane and west Interstate 90 area. Service areas for
hiking are in orange shading.
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
17
Similar to walking opportunities, which use the same measure, nearly all communities
have gaps and these are more likely in the industrial areas and their peripheries.
Nature Activities
Nature activities are defined as any natural area or nature park with some form of public
access. It also includes natural areas such as beaches and other water access points. The
measure of opportunity is a 10-minute walk from any home. The map shows that
communities built along water have the most opportunity for nature activities because
any water access site or beach was included in the definition of a natural park.
Additionally, the largest and most populated communities of the state appear to have
less opportunity than other areas, although many very small communities also had little
or no opportunity. It appears there is room for improvement in providing natural areas
in large to midsize communities. If water access sites were not included in the definition
of nature activities, the gaps would be much larger in most communities.
Mountain Biking
Mountain bike trails are
very diffuse throughout the
state in part because,
similar to hiking, mountain
bike facilities appear along
all major transportation
routes in populated areas.
Although there are some
noteworthy mountain bike
parks in urban areas,
highways provide quick
access to backcountry
recreation areas where most mountain bike facilities exist. Therefore, the majority of the
state’s populated areas have access to mountain bike facilities.
Greater Olympic Peninsula and Puget Sound area. Service areas for
mountain biking are shaded in orange.
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
18
Paddling
The map shows
that nearly all of
the communities
have adequate
access for paddling.
This is primarily due
to the fact that
most communities
in Washington
developed along
marine waters,
lakes, and rivers.
Playing Sports
(Sports Fields,
Sports Complexes)
A sports field is defined as any local park or school facility with a playfield. The
opportunity measure is a 10-minute walk from any home. A sport complex was defined
as any facility with three or more playing fields and a large parking area. The map shows
service coverage for nearly all of the study communities. Although the map suggests
that there is adequate sports fields and complexes for the state’s recreationists, staff are
not confident in this conclusion. Because sports fields and complexes are typically sport-
centric, and the quality of fields is a high priority for recreationists, these factors would
need additional analysis. Upgrading the maps to allow land managers and others to
populate these data fields would improve the analysis.
Greater Ellensburg area. Service areas for paddling are shaded in orange.
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
19
Swimming
Gaps in swimming pool
opportunities are very hard to
find in medium to large
communities, however, some
gaps exist in smaller
communities. For swimming
pools, there are notable gaps in
smaller eastern Washington
communities.
Walking
All large cities and most
communities analyzed have gaps in walking assets. For the most part, walking
opportunities are in the core of residential areas rather than on the periphery or in the
business and
industrial areas.
Winter
Recreation
There are
notable gaps in
the state for
nonmotorized,
winter trail
recreation. These
areas include
communities
along marine
waters, with the
exception of
King, Pierce,
Skagit, Thurston,
and Whatcom
Counties where
Wenatchee and East Wenatchee area. Access points for walking are indicated by a
walking icon and their corresponding service areas are in orange shading. People
outside the orange areas may have less access to these walking assets.
Greater Dayton and Waitsburg area. Service areas for swimming
pools are in orange shading.
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
20
residents have easier access to the Cascade Mountain range. Other notable winter
recreation gaps are in the Walla Walla and Tri-Cities areas.
For motorized winter recreation and alpine skiing, notable gaps in service are in island
communities, communities near the coast in northern Puget Sound, and the Walla Walla
and Tri-Cities areas.
POPULATED AREAS SERVICE LEVELS MAP
This map depicts a level of service analysis for a community by looking at the
community’s population and assets.
16
A community’s user ratio was calculated by
tallying the number of recreational units by activity per 1,000 residents. For each
recreational activity and its associated foundational assets, staff noted variation in the
level of service. To determine if the variation represented sufficient or insufficient access
to recreational activities will require additional analysis outside the scope of this study.
The map below is an example of the user ratio for Kent described here as “Number of
Hiking Facilities (per 1,000 people).” By these definitions and measures, Kent residents
have access to .61 hiking facilities for every 1,000 residents.
The many
analyses that
can be drawn
from this map
are large
given the
number of
communities
and
recreational
activities
included. This
information
may be useful
16
Recreation units in the community were included in this analysis as well as those available assets outside
the community but within the activity opportunity measure (drive/walk time).
Hiking User Ratio for Kent
FOUNDATIONAL ASSETS
21
to policy-makers and planners. To make greater use of this information at the state
level, additional investment in the capability of the map is needed and a measure of
sufficiency needs to be established to compare communities and do more detailed
analysis of the reasons why similar communities may have different user ratios, for
example.
22
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Exceptional assets are recreational opportunities that are of high value to a set of
recreationists. These assets may accommodate a lot of use or are destination sites. The
study asked recreation user groups and land managers what their exceptional assets are,
where there are gaps, what are some of the challenges at these recreation sites (and
potential sites), what are future needs, and how these issues should be addressed. Below
are summaries for the most salient points made by recreation user groups and land
managers.
FIREARMS AND ARCHERY RECREATION
Significant assets for firearm and archery ranges exist in all regions of the state. For
those activities that traditionally rely on private outdoor shooting ranges or shooting on
public lands, the following findings for exceptional assets were identified:
• Club revenues are not sustainable. Many nonprofit organizations say their
member dues and public fees do not keep pace with capital needs.
• Conflicts with new development. Many firearm and archery ranges were
established when surrounding areas were sparsely developed. As development
has encroached on a range, the number of complaints about noise and stray
bullets has skyrocketed. Also, as zoning classifications have changed from open
or agriculture lands to residential lands, ranges operate under conditional use
regulations, which often limit renovations or expansions of facilities.
• Desire for more shooting on public lands. More and more shooters are
recreating on public lands, which presents safety, user conflict, and pollution
(solid waste and water contamination) challenges. These challenges would be
best served by a statewide, coordinated approach for hosting and developing an
adequate supply of shooting opportunities on public lands.
• Shooting on private lands. Similar to many other forms of recreation, additional
opportunities would be available if shooters could access private lands, such as
timberlands, for shooting.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
23
TRAILS AND BACKCOUNTRY RECREATION ACTIVITIES
The following findings are made for gaps in significant assets for trail activities, such as
hiking, climbing, mountaineering, mountain biking, horseback riding, off-road vehicle
riding, hunting, and participating in nature activities:
• Lack of statewide coordination of trails activities. Trail recreationists identified
a lack of statewide coordination of trail opportunities. Agencies have authority
and budget to provide facilities, however, trail users desire facilities that
transcend the responsibility of any one jurisdiction. Trail users desire more
coordination with the goal to have agencies jointly manage the resources and
prioritize connections between trails and trail networks. Where multiple
jurisdictions manage different segments of the same trail, each may have
different management priorities, standards, and funding. This often results in
trails that have underdeveloped segments or too few access points. A
coordinating body could help to set priorities and share information without such
geographic limitations.
• Lack of connectivity and completeness of trails and trail plans. There are
significant gaps in statewide and regional trails, incomplete and unfunded plans
for long distance trails, and insufficient connections between regional trails and
between urban and backcountry trails.
• Lack of off-road vehicle and mountain bike statewide trail routes. Substantial
work remains to open cross-state routes in the Cascade Mountain range for off-
road vehicles and mountain bikes.
• Gaps in off-road vehicle recreation. There are gaps for off-road vehicle trails in
the Yakima Valley and Tri-Cities, and in general along the Interstate 5 corridor.
• Lack of trails. The increasing popularity of trail activities has created crowded
conditions at the most popular trailheads and backcountry destinations. There is
a need for more trails and more capacity at existing sites.
• Backlogged trail maintenance. Most state and federal land manager agencies
say they have a backlog of annual maintenance. The more trails and other
backcountry sites are used, the greater the need for maintenance. When trails are
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
24
not maintained, resource damage occurs and users are less satisfied with the
experience. At times, unmaintained trails become abandoned.
• Overcrowding. Overcrowding at sites leads to users being turned away, causing
users to recreate less or not at all. This likely has the greatest negative impact on
beginner users. Relatedly, popular trail and backcountry destinations are often
denuded, compacted, eroded, and polluted. Wildlife is displaced. These impacts
harm the aesthetic beauty and result in the loss of a wilderness experience.
• Lack of parking. When users find parking lots full, they often park in
unauthorized areas, damaging plants, creating safety issues, and causing social
problems with neighbors and other users.
• Unmaintained roads. The lack of resources to maintain forest roads or rebuild
washed out backcountry roads limits the ability for recreationists to get to their
desired trails. Rough or hazardous road conditions and complete closures reduce
opportunity. More investments should be put towards road maintenance.
• Road closures may represent recreational opportunities. Land managers often
close roads to highway vehicles due to lack of funds to maintain them. Although
this in itself may reduce access to recreational areas by highway vehicle, these
closed roads could be converted easily to trail uses for off-road vehicles, bikers,
hikers, and equestrians.
• Lack of coordination. Government agencies manage their own assets, each with
their own authorities, mission, revenue, and spending priorities. While these
agencies often coordinate efforts, in many cases they lack the authority and
capacity to do so formally. Without a conceptual process and resources to
support it, coordination cannot be maximized for the benefit of recreationists and
potential efficiencies among land managers may go unrealized.
• Leveraging volunteers. User groups say they have more capacity to develop and
maintain sites with volunteer labor. They cite the lack of agency staff and
expertise to recruit and manage volunteers, as well as a need for training and
policy considerations as barriers to getting more work done with volunteers.
• Limits to recreation planning and coordination. Planning and coordination for
recreation resources that transcend agency boundaries, such as trails and roads,
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
25
may be challenging for land managers with multiple, and oftentimes
contradictory, missions and management responsibilities. Resources to support
systemic planning and coordination often are inadequate for the task. Without
adequate funding for planning and coordination, recreational opportunity may
decline.
• Lack of natural area preservation and hunting access. For nature seekers,
including hunters, protecting habitat is very important. There is a need to provide
more natural areas in the Interstate 5 corridor and around urbanizing areas. There
also is a statewide need for improved road access to quality hunting lands, and
more availability to hunt on private lands.
• Overcrowding at climbing and mountaineering sites. Impacts from
overcrowding at popular rock climbing and alpine areas result in reduced quality
of experience and damage to the nearby natural environment. One reason for the
natural resource destruction is the lack of facilities, such as restrooms and
developed camping areas.
PARKS AND RECREATION SERVICES
For activities that traditionally rely on local and state parks agencies to provide desired
facilities, the following findings are gaps in significant assets:
• Resources not keeping pace with demand. Local and state parks and
recreation providers want to meet the needs of a growing recreating public.
Existing facilities need to be updated for new activities and increasing use, and
new facilities developed to accommodate growth. For example, there is increased
need for multipurpose artificial play surfaces and lighted playfields to increase
capacity for sports. Also, while there is a need to buy land to keep pace with
development, many government agencies cannot afford the market rate for the
land.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
26
WATER-BASED ACTIVITIES
For on-water activities such as motorboating, swimming, paddling, and fishing, the
following findings are gaps in exceptional assets:
• More boating and sailing infrastructure for transient boaters is needed in
the following areas:
o Cama Beach Historical State Park (Island County)
o Manchester (Kitsap County)
o McNeil Island (Pierce County)
o North shore of Columbia River in the upper Columbia Plateau
o Pateros, on the Columbia River (Okanogan County)
o Point No Point (Kitsap County)
o Port Gamble (Kitsap County)
o San Juan Islands: Blake Island, Blind Bay at Shaw Island, Cyprus Island,
Hunter Bay at Lopez Island, Orcas Island. Consider installing stern ties as
additional moorage (San Juan County)
o Seattle to Olympia saltwater shoreline (for launch ramps)
o Steilacoom (Pierce County)
• Shore to land access restrictions prohibit sufficient access. Although the
majority of navigable waters are public, private ownership of uplands is a barrier
for boaters and paddlers to get to and from the water when public access is not
available. Encouraging and incentivizing private landowners to grant access
easements across their lands is a cost-effective way to add access to and from the
water.
• Lack of systemic reservation system for public transient moorage. Some
users desire a reservation system for public transient moorage facilities to better
plan and have greater confidence in their overnight boating trips.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
27
• Reduced fishing opportunities. Users report a reduction in desirable fish stocks
and length of seasons and catch limits.
• Lack of coordination for paddle sports facilities. Water trails offer long
distance and overnight adventures. However, desired sites often are managed by
different providers who do not have the means and authorities to coordinate
efforts. Coordination of site standards, permitting, uniform signs, regulations, and
volunteers should be developed.
• Lack of long-term leases needed. Marina operators and others desire longer
term leases of state-owned aquatic lands than current authorities allow. Loans are
more readily available for developing or upgrading facilities with longer lease
terms. Users like the assurance that a desired site will continue into the long-term
future.
• Preserving public access sites in the face of intense development. For all
water-dependent recreationists, there is a desire to buy and develop shoreline
sites before they are developed for other purposes. Shoreline development for
recreation should keep pace with population growth and demand for shoreline
and water-based recreation. Where expanding access is not possible, investments
at existing sites such as adding parking, docks and piers, and hand-launch sites
may add capacity for multiple types of user.
WINTER RECREATION
For activities that traditionally rely on snow, the following findings are gaps in
exceptional assets:
• Lack of parking and transportation. The growth in winter recreation has
resulted in crowded and congested parking at trailheads and other locations. In
addition, plowing at trailheads and on highways and access roads does not
always meet the demands, which limits recreational opportunities.
• Reduced suitability due to climate change impacts. A warming climate may
mean sites need to be moved to higher elevations. As seasons shorten, there may
be in increasing need for parking and other visitor services to accommodate
more use in shorter seasons.
28
RECOMMENDATIONS
INVESTMENT STRATEGIES
The study proviso directed RCO to identify investment strategies and options for
addressing gaps in recreational assets of statewide significance. The recommendations
below call for investments for filling gaps. Recommendations further in the report relate
to programmatic or policy considerations.
• Preserve funding for recreation in any change to a road usage charge. As the
state considers transitioning away from the state gas tax, it should continue
funding essential maintenance, development, renovation, education, and
enforcement of outdoor recreation services that currently rely on gas tax revenue.
Currently, gas taxes in the form of the Nonhighway and Off-road Vehicle
Account, Boating Facilities Program, and the Snowmobile Account, are the main,
or only, source of funding supporting the following recreation:
o Camping.
o Developing and renovating boat launches and marinas.
o Hiking, backpacking, mountaineering, and climbing.
o Mountain biking and equestrian trail activities.
o Paddling sports.
o Riding off-road vehicles.
o Snowmobiles and nonmotorized winter trail recreation.
• Continue to fund state and local parks and recreation facilities and
programs. Continue to fund the following grant programs, which leverage local
investments:
o Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account grant program.
o Boating Facilities Program
o Firearms and Archery Range Recreation grant program
RECOMMENDATIONS
29
o No Child Left Inside grant program
o Washington Wildlife and Recreation Program
o Youth Athletic Facilities grant program
• Fill gaps in motorboating and sailing opportunities. Fund feasibility
assessments to look at providing more launch or moorage amenities for transient
boaters in areas where they are limited, at capacity during peak seasons, or don’t
exist. Following are examples of these areas:
o Cama Beach Historical State Park (Island County)
o Manchester (Kitsap County)
o McNeil Island (Pierce County)
o North shore of the Columbia River in the upper Columbia Plateau
o Pateros at the Columbia River (Okanogan County)
o Port Gamble (Kitsap County)
o Point No Point (Kitsap County)
o San Juan Islands: Blake Island, Blind Bay at Shaw Island, Cyprus Island,
Hunter Bay at Lopez Island, Orcas Island. (San Juan County)
o Seattle to Olympia saltwater shoreline (for launch ramps)
o Steilacoom (Pierce County)
• Help local governments preserve, redevelop, and add athletic fields. New
authorities or funding programs are needed to allow new or expanded taxing
authorities that address deferred maintenance and development of high-capacity
sports fields. As the population concentrates in cities, there is a need to maintain
and renovate local parks as well as develop multifunction, artificial turf sports
fields that provide greater capacity and flexibility.
RECOMMENDATIONS
30
• Address development needs at trailheads. Fund needed improvements to
high-use trailheads across the state. Nearly all the trail and backcountry
recreation stakeholders contacted in this study made some recommendations for
systemic improvements to trailheads. These include expanding parking to
accommodate increasing use, especially in areas where multiple user groups use
the same facilities; expanding camping at trailheads; expanding capacity for large
events; and adding amenities such as more equestrian and off-road vehicle trailer
parking. Relatedly, fund any planned expanded camping opportunities at state
parks.
• Support tourism through historical and cultural asset preservation and
interpretation. Continue funding state programs that preserve Washington’s
historical and cultural destinations, interpretation, and wildlife viewing. These
include programs that support the state’s recreation economy such as
lighthouses, wildlife viewpoints, forts, barns, cemeteries, tribal cultural centers,
and maritime sites. The following programs or sites in particular should be
supported:
o Ebey’s Reserve Historic Properties (Department of Archaeology and
Historic Preservation)
o Heritage Barns (Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation)
o Heritage Capital Grant Program (Washington State Historical Society)
o Historic Cemeteries (Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation)
o Historic Courthouses (Department of Archaeology and Historic
Preservation)
o Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife’s Watchable Wildlife
o Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission’s interpretation and
folk and traditional arts.
• Invest in clean water. Continue to authorize pump-out facilities grants in Puget
Sound to support a No Discharge Zone designation.
RECOMMENDATIONS
31
• Build and sustain volunteer partnerships.
17
Fund a new program to add
capacity in land management agencies to support more partnerships and
volunteers. This new program would help maintain, manage, and develop new
assets through the contributions of stakeholders and volunteers. This new
program would be directed towards volunteer program development,
recruitment, coordination, and training; project development, leadership, and
recognition; and working with agencies to formalize user-built facilities. This will
increase the capacity of land managers to provide recreation and help prioritize
investments.
• Fund backcountry road maintenance and use.
18
Fund targeted investments in
backcountry road management, maintenance, and redevelopment that maximize
access to popular recreational facilities. Also prioritize nonhighway vehicle and
trail activities on roads that may be closed to highway vehicles. More funding in
this area will recapture access to popular destinations and convert closed roads
to trail-based recreational opportunities and may help to fill gaps in off-road
vehicle opportunities in the Interstate 5 corridor and near the Tri-Cities.
• Fund a target shooting plan. Fund a statewide plan for target shooting on
public lands that will improve coordination among land managers as well as
support and expand opportunities. Continue funding for grants in the Firearms
and Archery Range Recreation program.
• Add capacity for paddling and fishing to existing water access areas. To add
capacity for nonmotorized uses at existing water access points and reduce
conflict with motorboats, fund programs that increase parking and add amenities
such as hand-launch boat launch areas and fishing piers.
• Improve transportation options to outdoor recreation areas.
19
Fund regional
transit organizations and local parks and recreation departments to provide more
opportunities to get people without cars to outdoor destinations. This will have
17
Supported by the Governor’s Blue Ribbon Task Force on Parks and Outdoor Recreation–Final
Recommendations to the Governor 2014, Recreation and Conservation Office, p24-25
18
Supported by the Governor’s Blue Ribbon Task Force on Parks and Outdoor Recreation–Final
Recommendations to the Governor 2014, Recreation and Conservation Office, p27
19
Supported by the Governor’s Blue Ribbon Task Force on Parks and Outdoor Recreation–Final
Recommendations to the Governor 2014, Recreation and Conservation Office, p16
RECOMMENDATIONS
32
the dual benefit of reducing parking congestion at trailheads and increasing
outdoor opportunities for low-income people. Also, ensure adequate funding for
snow removal operations that meet the needs of winter recreationists.
CROSS-CUTTING RECOMMENDATIONS
The recommendations in this section are not linked to specific exceptional or
foundational assets but rather address major themes or a category of assets, or
otherwise maximize the utility of this study.
• Support and promote a statewide trails system.
20
Establish a state trails
system advisory committee of stakeholders and land managers to advise policy-
makers on funding priorities for a state trails system. The advisory committee
could serve under the authority of Revised Code of Washington 79A.35
(Washington State Recreation Trail System). The advisory committee could
recommend designations into the state trails and active transportation system,
serve as a repository of information on trails statewide, and make
recommendations on trail priorities statewide.
o Within this effort, convene a stakeholder and land manager group to
produce a feasibility study and plan to complete a cross-state trail for off-
road vehicles and another for mountain bikers (with a hut-to-hut camping
system) in the Cascade Mountains.
• Build a cross-state trail route. Recommend the Governor’s Office coordinate
and secure funding for a recreational, cross-state trail for nonmotorized uses. The
Governor’s Office could better work across governments and with stakeholders to
coordinate this effort. This effort should include the State Parks and Recreation
Commission,
21
the Department of Natural Resources,
22
the Recreation and
Conservation Office,
23
and the Department of Transportation.
24
This cross-state
20
Supported by the Governor’s Blue Ribbon Task Force on Parks and Outdoor Recreation–Final
Recommendations to the Governor 2014, Recreation and Conservation Office, p16.
21
Revised Code of Washington 79A.05.115-125
22
Revised Code of Washington 79A.05.115-125
23
Revised Code of Washington 79A.35
24
Revised Code of Washington 47.01 and 47.06, and 23 USC Section 217(g)
RECOMMENDATIONS
33
route should act as the backbone to connect other state, regional, and local trails
and active transportation networks. In conjunction with this effort, the study
recommends the Governor’s Office staff coordinate efforts towards the
completion of the Great American Rail Trail segments in Washington.
• Incentivize private landowners to improve recreational access.
25
Consider tax
incentives and direct spending to encourage private landowners to allow the
public to access their lands. These could include tax breaks or refunds, more
programs to pay landowners to allow public access, or direct spending such as
assistance with road maintenance, trash removal, and law enforcement. Below are
five areas of emphasis any program should address:
o Landlocked parcels. Many quality public recreation lands are surrounded
by private property. Access easements to and from these properties would
make the public land available to a wider array of recreationists.
o Use easements to eliminate missing links in trails. Use on long-distance
(and other) trails often is diverted to public roads, for example, when these
trails come to private properties. Trail easements could close some gaps in
long-distance and local trails.
o Hunting access. Quality hunting opportunities exist on private forests and
farms in Washington. Although many private landowners allow hunting
and other uses (for a fee for example), more incentives are needed to
maximize these opportunities.
o River, lake, and marine waters. Many miles of water for boaters, hunters,
and anglers are inaccessible because of the lack of public access.
Easements are another great way to make these areas accessible.
• Pilot an outdoor recreation coordinating council. This is a recommendation
also made in the Governor’s Blue Ribbon Task Force on Parks and Outdoor
Recreation (2014).
26
Establish an outdoor recreation coordinating council
25
Supported by the Governor’s Blue Ribbon Task Force on Parks and Outdoor Recreation–Final
Recommendations to the Governor 2014, Recreation and Conservation Office, p15
26
Governor’s Blue Ribbon Task Force on Parks and Outdoor Recreation–Final Recommendations to the
Governor 2014, Recreation and Conservation Office, p4, 6-9, 27
RECOMMENDATIONS
34
consisting of federal, state, and local government agencies, and nonprofit and
private sector representatives to serve as a cross-agency leader on outdoor
recreation. This body would coordinate management and investments in a
geographic area that results in more opportunity for recreationists. This would be
done through identifying efficiencies in operations, reducing duplication of
efforts, and changing individual priorities. It is recommended to pilot this effort
with a regional scope first, and then replicate elsewhere or at a statewide level.
• Expand trailhead law enforcement. Law enforcement agencies have made
great strides at trailheads with increased and coordinated patrols and
investigations, cameras, and other efforts. However, there is a continued need for
law enforcement efforts to keep pace with the expected growth in trailhead-
centered recreation activities. Formation of a task force of law enforcement
agencies is suggested that could identify strategies and funding options to
respond to increasing use and to reduce crime at trailheads.
• Invest in and share study resources. This study produced three map
applications that show levels of service in and around communities. RCO should
present and share these map applications and its findings to federal, state, and
local governments as well as stakeholder groups and businesses to aid in
planning, managing, and developing recreation priorities in the state.
o Maintain and improve study map applications. RCO believes it is using
the most comprehensive and reliable inventory of recreation sites in the
state. However, gaps in the data remain. More information and
functionality is needed to maximize the usefulness of these maps in
statewide recreation planning. More information and functionality will help
measure return on investment by asset and location. To build on the initial
investment made through this study, here is list of possible improvements:
Map exceptional assets.
Include demographic layers to better identify investment needs and
populations served.
Include activity participation and satisfaction rates by region or
county.
RECOMMENDATIONS
35
Map regional and long-distance trails to include missing links and
possible routes.
Create capacity to evaluate long-distance travel (inter-county) to
destination areas and tourist routes.
Map “walkable communities” and their connections to parks and
regional trails.
Identify asset capacity and life expectancy.
Review and refine drive-time metrics and analysis.
Ask other agencies what they would like to add to the map
applications.
• Establish a paddle sports facilities ombudsman. Recommend a paddle sports
ombudsman at the state to coordinate paddle sports recreation programs and
issues. Paddlers’ issues span multiple land management agencies and regulatory
areas. This position could better coordinate the planning and management of
water trail systems to include standards for development, maintenance, branding
and signs, volunteers, education, and enforcement. Lastly, the ombudsman could
coordinate paddle sport needs and interests by advising statutory and regulatory
efforts designed to support paddlers, such as river access priorities along some
state highway projects and water releases from dams.
• Consider a stern tie installation pilot. Evaluate the feasibility of stern tie
installations at select sites in the San Juan Islands. Stern ties may be an
inexpensive way to add moorage or make moorage more efficient by adding
capacity at some locations.
• Pilot a moorage reservation system. Evaluate the feasibility of a pilot online
reservation and payment system for public transient moorage at some facilities in
Puget Sound and the San Juan Islands.
• Discuss options for better systemic management of climbing and
mountaineering destinations. A broad discussion with the recreation
community and land managers is needed to decide the best approach to dealing
with overcrowding at popular sites. Options range from investing more in
RECOMMENDATIONS
36
backcountry facilities, staffing education and enforcement presence, or user
management systems at select sites.
• Ensure long-term aquatic leases. To support private financing to develop or
upgrade private marinas, ensure the State has the ability to issue long-term
leases for aquatic lands as may be needed for private marina operators to obtain
private sector financing.
37
APPENDIX A: ASSET REPORTS
EXCEPTIONAL ASSET REGIONS
Stakeholder-identified exceptional assets are organized by the following ten regions of
the state. These regions align with the planning units of the Washington State Recreation
and Conservation Plan 2018-2022, where there is a statistically valid sample of recreation
participation and satisfaction in each.
ASSET AND ACTIVITY STAKEHOLDER REPORTS
Description
The following reports are a synthesis of what staff heard from recreationists, stakeholder
and advocacy groups, and land managers. The recommendations are the perspective of
RCO.
38
AIR ACTIVITIES
DEFINITION
Activities that involve personal wind-powered vehicles such as paragliders, parachutes,
hang gliders, windsurfing and kitesurfing boards, and hot air balloons.
PROFILE OF SIGNIFICANT ASSETS
Significant assets that support air activities are open spaces such as fields, dry lake beds,
dunes, beaches, and large water bodies; and high elevation open spaces such as hill and
mountain tops.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Long Beach, Pacific Ocean (Pacific County)
• Ocean Shores, Pacific Ocean (Grays Harbor County)
Peninsulas
• Fort Flagler State Park (Jefferson County)
Islands
• Wind Jammer Park (Island County)
Southwest
Insufficient access points for wind sports in the Columbia River Gorge area. Too
few large access points in desired areas leads to overcrowding.
• Columbia River Gorge area where air activities are allowed. (Benton, Cowlitz,
Klickitat, Pacific, Skamania, and Wahkiakum Counties)
AIR ACTIVITIES
39
Seattle-King County
• Gene Coulon Park (King County)
• Tiger Mountain Summit (King County)
North Cascades
• Blanchard Mountain (Skagit County)
Lack of developed access at desired locations or land manager prohibitions on air
activities access in general on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains.
• Lake Wenatchee State Park (Chelan County)
• Jetty Island (Snohomish County)
South Central
Lack of developed access at desired locations or land manager prohibitions on air
activities access in general on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains.
Columbia Plateau
• Moses Lake Sand Dunes (Grant County)
Northeast
Potential gap
The Palouse
• Steptoe Butte State Park (Whitman County)
QUALITATIVE CHALLENGES AND FUTURE NEEDS
Air activities often are deemed incompatible with other permitted uses for safety and
resource protection reasons. For the most part, users rely on areas developed for other
recreational activities.
AIR ACTIVITIES
40
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
Recommend state agencies consider allowing and developing access for air activities
when developing new recreational areas.
41
ARCHERY
DEFINITION
Recreational use of a bow or crossbow for target shooting or simulated hunting or other
activity.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSET PROFILE
Outdoor areas that are naturally suited or developed for recreational use of bows for
target shooting and simulated hunting. These may be facilities in natural areas on public
lands, in developed landscapes, or indoors on public or private lands. Facilities include
formal and informal ranges as well as walking courses. Although very different from
firearms in terms of public safety risk, archery facilities often are collocated at firearm
ranges.
An archery recreation area should accommodate a 20- to 40-yard range with several or
more shooting lanes, as well as a walking course that may require up to 1 acre of open
space for each target (20-30 targets are common). Shooting positions should be
covered for year-round use. Exceptional assets have large parking areas and well-
maintained access roads. Archery recreation frequently consists of large competitions
that require larger areas for staging and support facilities, concessions, camping,
restrooms, and utilities.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Bear River Archers (Pacific County)
• Grays Harbor Bowmen (Grays Harbor County)
Peninsulas
• Jefferson County Sportsman’s Association Shooting Range (Jefferson County)
• KBH Archers (Kitsap County)
• Wapiti Bowmen (Clallam County)
ARCHERY
42
Islands
Range needed in Oak Harbor Area.
Southwest
• Capital City Bowman (Thurston County)
• Chinook Archers (Clark County)
• Lewis and Clark Bowman (Cowlitz County)
• Lucky Shot Archery (Lewis County)
• Skookum Archers Club and Range (Pierce County)
• Tacoma Sportsman’s Club (Pierce County)
Seattle-King County
Potential gap
North Cascades
• Darrington Archery Range (Snohomish County)
• Nock Point Archery Range (Snohomish County)
• Silver Arrow Bowman (Skagit County)
South Central
• Kamiakin Roving Archers (Yakima County)
• Mount Clemans Archery Club (Yakima County)
• Wa-Ku-Wa Archers (Yakima County)
ARCHERY
43
Columbia Plateau
• Colyak Bowhunters Club (Benton County)
Range needed in Ellensburg area.
Northeast
• Evergreen Archery Club (Spokane County)
• Spokane Valley Archery (Spokane County)
The Palouse
• Blue Mountain Archers (Walla Walla County)
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Archery is a year-round sport but due to weather conditions in Washington,
indoor or covered facilities are needed for at least part of the year. Archery clubs
often lack capital to build an all-weather facility.
• None of the permanent indoor ranges is large enough to host the state
championship tournament, necessitating use of multiple sites with loss of
prestige, uniformity, and cohesion. Archery may be practiced and competed in a
multiuse facility such as large gymnasiums, convention centers, fairgrounds,
pavilions, or arenas, if the lease is affordable and the equipment (targets, stands,
participant and spectator seating) is available. Archery is a family activity with
participation by people of all ages, genders, and capabilities. Facilities must
consider needs of women, children, seniors, and disabled.
• Areas for youth to shoot. Youth programs are on the rise and finding a year-
round site, which often means indoors, is difficult because of the high cost to buy
or lease a facility.
• While participation is increasing, distances to suitable archery ranges may
prevent participation.
ARCHERY
44
• Emphasis should be on indoor or outdoor ranges with covered shooting stations
and covered targets near population centers.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Funding
• Maintain funding for developed archery ranges through the Firearms and Archery
Range Recreation grant program managed by RCO.
• Fund a single, large state tournament site with indoor and outdoor ranges.
• Coordinate an approach to identify opportunities and partnerships for range
development and improvement, with organizations such as federal, state, county,
and city agencies, nonprofit conservation organizations, shooting ranges, and
commercial entities.
• For backcountry archery recreation facilities, maintain funding for the
Nonhighway and Off-Road Vehicle Account in any establishment of a road usage
charge.
45
BICYCLING AND WALKING
DEFINITION
In this study, bicycling is defined as riding a bike or ebike on surfaces other than those
shared with highway vehicles. Biking opportunities were evaluated in the scope of riding
on local or regional, hard-surface trails and pathways (concrete, asphalt, or fine hard-
packed gravels or natural material) protected and separated from a roadway as well as
similar trails in parks, and on public schools grounds, port properties, etc. This activity
includes cycling on rough gravel trails and pathways such as rail-trail routes that do not
have improved surfacing (gravel grinding). For this study, only public lands were
evaluated.
Walking is low or medium intensity walking or similar movement with the use of a
mobility assistance device for recreation or exercise. Walking occurs in public places
including a separated and protected sidewalk along a roadway, a local or community
trail, and pathway in a park or park-like setting such as school grounds or port property.
This type of walking occurs on a paved or gravel path or similar surface made for
walking and may be a multi-model pathway or trail (a pathway where bicycling,
scooters, and motorized scooters may be allowed). Walking described here is not
associated with great elevation change or a need to navigate obstacles.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
An exceptional biking or walking facility is an area where people may walk or ride
comfortably on a surface separated and protected from highway vehicles. Facilities may
be in a natural, rural, suburban, or urban setting. They have more than one access point
and support facilities such as potable water, resting areas, and restrooms. Access to
these facilities is either by a public road or pedestrian network. Ideally, walking and
bicycling routes take users through a diversity of environments and connect to
community attractions and amenities.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
The Coast
• Discovery Trail (Pacific County)
BICYCLING AND WALKING
46
• Palouse to Cascades Trail (Adams, Grant, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce,
Spokane, Thurston, and Whitman Counties)
Peninsulas
• Olympic Discovery Trail (Clallam and Jefferson Counties)
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Chehalis-Western Trail (Thurston County)
• Columbia River Trail (Clark and Skamania Counties)
• Foothills Trail (Pierce County)
• Green River Trail (King and Pierce Counties)
• Klickitat Rail Trail (Klickitat County)
• Palouse to Cascades Trail (Adams, Grant, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce,
Spokane, Thurston, and Whitman Counties)
• Willapa Hills Trail (Lewis and Pacific Counties)
Seattle-King County
• Burke-Gilman Trail (King County)
• Discovery, Seward, Green Lake, and Washington Arboretum Parks (King County)
• Green River Trail (King and Pierce Counties)
• Interurban Trail (King and Snohomish Counties)
• Palouse to Cascades Trail (Adams, Grant, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce,
Spokane, Thurston, and Whitman Counties)
BICYCLING AND WALKING
47
North Cascades
• Cascade Trail (Skagit County)
• Centennial Trail, Bellingham Trails (Skagit and Snohomish County)
• Interurban Trail (King and Snohomish Counties)
• Similkameen Trail (Okanogan County)
• White Horse Trail (Snohomish County)
South Central
• Palouse to Cascades Trail (Adams, Grant, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce,
Spokane, Thurston, and Whitman Counties)
• Sacagawea Heritage Trail (Benton and Franklin Counties)
• Yakima Greenway Trail (Benton and Yakima Counties)
Columbia Plateau
• Palouse to Cascades Trail and (Adams, Grant, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce,
Spokane, Thurston, and Whitman Counties)
• Columbia Plateau State Park Trail (Adams, Grant, and Whitman Counties)
Northeast
• Centennial Trail (Spokane County)
• Ferry County Rail Trail (Ferry County)
• Palouse to Cascades (Adams, Grant, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce, Spokane,
Thurston, and Whitman Counties)
The Palouse
• Palouse to Cascades Trail (Adams, Grant, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pacific, Pierce,
Spokane, Thurston, and Whitman Counties)
BICYCLING AND WALKING
48
• Columbia Plateau State Park Trail (Adams, Grant, and Whitman Counties)
• Bill Chipman Palouse Trail (Whitman County)
QUANTITATIVE GAPS
• Many of the above regional trails have gaps in them. These may be physical
disconnections in a trail due to alternative land use in the trail corridor, walking
on a pathway not protected and separated from a roadway, or areas that are
underdeveloped and not usable by a beginner.
• The Palouse region has a Blue Mountain Trails Plan, which has yet to be funded
substantially.
• A cross-state trail route as described Revised Code of Washington 79A.05 (and
related codes) serving as a “spine” across the state with connections to regional
trails has not been fully built.
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Money to maintain new facilities. Grants and other targeted funding programs
exist for building or enhancing pedestrian networks, multimodal pathways, and
trails but not for routine maintenance.
• A statewide plan to identify projects and investments to extend regional trail
networks in the context of a statewide trails system is needed.
• Communities without interconnected trail and low stress pedestrian networks.
• Communities without adequate parks and open space with walking facilities.
• Opportunities for families and beginning cyclists off of roadways.
• Missing links in trails, and trail and active transportation plans that have not been
funded and built.
BICYCLING AND WALKING
49
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Establish an advisory committee to recommend policy and trail designations to
the Recreation and Conservation Funding Board’s statewide trails plan.
27
The
advisory committee would have three tasks: 1) develop a statewide trails plan;
2) advise the board and other agencies on the status and priorities of a statewide
trails system; and 3) serve as a repository of information on local and regional
trails that connect to the state trails system.
• Build a cross-state trail. Recommend the Governor’s Office coordinate and secure
funding for a recreational, cross-state trail for nonmotorized uses. The Governor’s
Office could better work across governments and with stakeholders to coordinate
this effort. This effort should include the State Parks and Recreation
Commission,
28
the Department of Natural Resources,
29
the Recreation and
Conservation Office,
30
and the Department of Transportation.
31
This cross-state
route should act as the backbone to connect other state, regional, and local trails
and active transportation networks. In conjunction with this effort, the study
recommends the Governor’s Office staff coordinate efforts towards the
completion of the Great American Rail Trail segments in Washington.
Funding
• Continue to fund the Washington Wildlife and Recreation Program to help
agencies develop regional and statewide trails.
• Identify a fund source to help communities and other agencies maintain their
new sections of regional trail systems.
• Continue to provide planning, funding, and other assistance for walkable and
bikeable inclusive communities and a statewide system of trails.
27
Revised Code of Washington 79A
28
Revised Code of Washington 79A.05.115-125
29
Revised Code of Washington 79A.05.115-125
30
Revised Code of Washington 79A.35
31
Revised Codes of Washington 47.01 and 47.06, and 23 USC Section 217(g)
50
BOATING (MOTORIZED AND SAILING)
DEFINITION
Boating consists of operating or riding on a motorboat or sailboat (with or without a
motor) on any type of water suited for the vessel.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSET PROFILE
Exceptional boating facilities are on-water with upland amenities that support boating.
These facilities provide access to and from destination water bodies. They allow for on-
water experiences such as cruising, fishing, sightseeing, and water skiing, and provide
protection from the elements. Facilities primarily are used for launching, retrieving, and
mooring vessels including dinghies, as well as providing needed services such as
sanitary pump-out, water, and fuel. Exceptional sites also provide access to upland
amenities desired by boaters such as trails or other recreation facilities, restrooms,
parking (including trailers), and businesses. Facilities may be publicly or privately owned.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Illwaco (Pacific County)
• Tokeland (Grays Harbor County)
• Westport Marina and Boat Launch (Grays Harbor County)
Peninsulas
• Bremerton Marina (Kitsap County)
Manchester (Kitsap County): More developed transient moorage is needed for
access to desired uplands.
• Neah Bay (Clallam County))
• Pleasant Harbor (Jefferson County)
BOATING
51
Port Gamble (Kitsap County): There is no developed transient moorage or access
to upland areas.
• Port Haven Boat Launch and Marina (Jefferson County)
• Quileute Marina (Clallam County)
• Sekiu (Strait of Juan de Fuca, Pacific Ocean)
Islands
Cama Beach Historical State Park (Island County): There is no developed transient
moorage or access to upland areas.
• Fisherman Bay (San Juan County)
Point No Point (Kitsap County): There is no developed launch or transient
moorage.
• Roche Harbor (San Juan County)
San Juan Islands: Blake Island, Blind Bay at Shaw Island, Cyprus Island, Hunter Bay
at Lopez Island, Orcas Island, and some private land trust properties. (San Juan
County): There is limited transient moorage and access to upland areas in peak
season.
• Sucia Island State Park (San Juan County)
Southwest
• Foss Water Way (Pierce County)
McNeil Island (Peirce County): There is little developed transient moorage or
access to upland areas.
Saltwater shoreline from Seattle to Olympia. (Pierce and Thurston Counties):
There is a lack of launch ramps in this stretch of shoreline.
Steilacoom (Pierce County): There is little developed transient moorage or access
to upland areas.
BOATING
52
Seattle-King County
• Don Armeni Boat Launch (King County)
• Gene Coulon Memorial Beach Park (King County)
• Lake Sammamish State Park (King County)
• Port of Seattle Facilities (King County)
Saltwater boat launch ramps from Seattle to Tacoma (King and Pierce Counties):
There is a lack of launch ramps in this stretch of shoreline.
North Cascades
• Don Morris Park and Marina (Chelan County)
Pateros (Okanogan County): There is no developed transient moorage and
limited boat launch parking.
• Port of Bellingham (Whatcom County)
• Port of Everett (Snohomish County)
• Vantage Boat Launch (Kittitas County)
South Central
• Columbia Point and Park (Benton County)
• Crow Butte Park (Benton County)
Columbia Plateau
• Moses Lake launch ramps (Grant County)
• Steamboat State Park (Douglas County)
BOATING
53
Northeast
• Fort Spokane (Stevens County)
• Kelly Ferry Boat Launch and Marina Park (Ferry County)
• Long Lake (Stevens County)
There is a lack of boat launching facilities on the north shore of the Columbia
River in this area.
The Palouse
• Clarkston boat launches (Asotin County)
• Heller Bar Access Area (Asotin County)
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Reduced fishing opportunities due to fewer fish.
• Shortage of marina capacity in high-demand locations.
• Shortage of marine haul-out and repair facilities.
• Inability to reserve public moorage space.
• Aging boating infrastructure.
• Costs for in-water work rising due to updated regulatory requirements.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
Moorage and Launch Capacity
• South Puget Sound and San Juan Islands: Recommend that state agencies
evaluate the feasibility of providing more launch ramps, transient moorage, and
BOATING
54
access to desired uplands in southern Puget Sound and the San Juan Islands.
Evaluation of moorage may be limited to peak use seasons.
• Recommend state agencies pilot stern tie installations at one or more sites in the
San Juan Islands. Stern ties may be an inexpensive way to add moorage or make
moorage more efficient (add capacity) at some locations.
• Pilot an online reservation and payment system for public transient moorage
facilities in Puget Sound and the San Juan Islands.
• Provide incentives for private landowners to grant public access easements to
and from tidelands to allow travel from vessel to upland amenities and vice versa.
• Study ways to incentivize local governments to provide launch and marina
facilities in areas with high need.
• To support private financing of marina facilities, authorize longer term leasing
options for state-owned aquatic lands.
• Create authorities where none may exist that prioritize boating infrastructure
needs over other forms of development in areas with limited boating facilities.
• Find ways to reduce competition from Canadian facilities, which charge lower
taxes than Washington State for interstate boaters.
Funding
• Continue funding Boating Facilities Program grants in the context of any
implementation of a road usage charge.
• Continue to fund pump facilities in Puget Sound to support possible future No
Discharge Zone designation.
• Continue to fund the Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account to support
development of more water access opportunities.
55
CAMPING
DEFINITION
This activity is characterized by traveling to a developed campground in a rural or
natural setting and spending one or more nights there. For this study, only publicly
owned camping locations were considered. Camping areas are overwhelmingly at, or
near, attractions such as water, mountains, geographic landmarks, and historical or
scenic landscapes. Users may drive to and park at their campsites. Users also may enjoy
nature or be near opportunities for other types of recreation such as sightseeing, hiking,
off-road vehicle riding, hunting, fishing, biking, swimming, or boating.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
An exceptional camping facility is near a desired destination area such as a natural area
or near water. These facilities have well-developed access roads and full or partial
amenities such as hardened tent or trailer platforms, recreational vehicle sites, utility
hookups, potable water, trash facilities, and restrooms. Exceptional camping areas have
many sites as well as special sites for large groups. These facilities may have their own
beaches, boat launches, trails, viewpoints, and docks. They also may have services for
rent such as cabins or yurts, fishing gear, paddle boats, and bikes. These facilities often
have camp hosts or resident staff and are maintained daily.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Cape Disappointment State Park (Pacific County)
Peninsulas
• Olympic National Park: Fairholme Campground, Hoh Rainforest Campground,
Kalaloch Campground (Multiple Counties)
• Salt Creek Recreation Area (Clallam County)
Islands
• Cama Beach State Park (Island County)
CAMPING
56
• Fort Casey Historical State Park (Island County)
• Moran State Park (San Juan County)
Southwest
• Capitol State Forest: Marguerite McKinney Campground and Trail Head (Thurston
County)
• Elbe Hills and Tahoma State Forest (Pierce County)
• Mount Rainier National Park: Cougar Rock, Ohanapecosh, and White River (King,
Lewis, and Pierce Counties)
Need more camping in and near Mount Rainier National Park to accommodate
peak season users (King, Lewis, and Pierce Counties)
Seattle-King County
• Camping areas in the Interstate 90 corridor east of North Bend (King County)
North Cascades
• Eight Mile Campground (Okanogan County)
• Methow Valley Camping Areas (Okanogan County)
• Pearrygin Lake State Park (Okanogan County)
• Sinlahekin Wildlife Area (Okanogan County)
• Steamboat Rock State Park (Lincoln County)
South Central
• Crow Butte Park (Benton County)
Columbia Plateau
• Quincy Lakes (Grant County)
CAMPING
57
• Sun Lakes–Dry Falls State Park (Douglas County)
Northeast
• East Sullivan Campground (Pend Oreille County)
• Riverside State Park (Spokane County)
The Palouse
• Wooten Wildlife Area (Columbia County)
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• More group camping at popular sites.
• More yurts and cabins (systemic).
• More hut-to-hut camping opportunities for long-distance recreationists to
include mountain bikers and winter recreationists.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Funding
• Fund expanded camping opportunities at state parks. The Washington state
parks system is a premier destination
32
for camping and nature activities. Fund
expansion of camping opportunities at state parks including yurt and cabin
development.
• Maintain funding for backcountry recreation activities such as camping in any
establishment of a road usage charge.
32
State of Washington Assessment of Outdoor Recreation Demand Report, Prepared for RCO by Eastern
Washington University, 2017, p3, 42-46
58
CLIMBING, BOULDERING, AND SCRAMBLING
DEFINITION
This activity is characterized by climbing natural rock features either as cliff faces,
boulder fields, or other steep terrain. Climbing is generally done with the assistance of
climbing gear and safety devices. Climbing routes may have affixed hardware and
include areas with permanent anchors for top-roping. For this study, only public lands
were evaluated.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Significant climbing areas are those that offer unique or multiple climbing experiences.
These include climbing routes for the beginners, training routes, climbs with varying
degrees of difficulty, remote experiences, and group experiences. A significant site has
well-maintained access roads and trails, ample parking, a large staging area, and
opportunities for camping with potable water. Desired elements are dedicated
maintenance, an education and enforcement presence, and designated areas for
different skill levels.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
Potential gap
Peninsulas
Potential gap
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Beacon Rock State Park (Skamania County)
CLIMBING, BOULDERING, AND SCRAMBLING
59
Seattle-King County
• Little Mount Si (King County)
• Ollalie State Park (King County)
North Cascades
• Icicle Canyon (Chelan County)
• Mount Index and Index Town Walls (Snohomish County)
• Newhalem climbing area (Whatcom County)
• Peshastin Pinnacles State Park (Chelan County)
• The Enchantments (Chelan County)
• Washington Pass and Upper Methow Valley (Okanogan County)
South Central
Potential gap
Columbia Plateau
• Frenchman Coulee (Grant County)
Northeast
• Deep Creek, Minnehaha (Spokane County)
• Metaline Falls (Pend Oreille County)
The Palouse
Potential gap
CLIMBING, BOULDERING, AND SCRAMBLING
60
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Increasingly users want to camp at, or close to, trailheads and in the backcountry
at climbing destinations. Quality and quantity of sustainable camping
opportunities, restrooms, and potable water are lacking at many popular front-
country and backcountry sites. Access to many sites are user-created so there are
minimal parking, maintenance, and staff presence.
• Many facilities have inadequate access due to road and trail washouts,
blowdowns, and overgrown vegetation. Lack of regular maintenance may lead to
closure of access roads
• Turnover of staff at land manager agencies means partnerships stall.
• Multiple or complex permit systems for users.
• More maintenance funding needed to keep sites open and optimal.
• Inadequate coordination between land manager agencies.
• Car prowls at trailheads.
• Missing links in trails. Incentivize landowners to allow recreational trails on and
through their lands.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Evaluate the desirability of a reservation system for use of popular backcountry
climbing areas.
Funding
• Continue funding backcountry recreation activities such as climbing in any
establishment of a road usage charge.
CLIMBING, BOULDERING, AND SCRAMBLING
61
• Continue or increase the following:
o Development of new sites to keep pace with growth in the sport.
o Investment in camping areas at popular trailheads and in the backcountry.
• Fund additional staff at land manager agencies to enable them to create and
enhance partnerships that will maintain and expand climbing opportunities. This
may include volunteer recruitment coordination, training, recognition, and project
leadership.
• Evaluate the feasibility and use of developing a new source of revenue for the
protection, enhancement, and maintenance of popular backcountry climbing
areas. This new resource should fund the following:
o Investment in bathrooms and developed camping areas at backcountry
sites to reduce natural resource impacts.
o Investment in road repair and maintenance to keep opportunities open.
NOTE
Stakeholder groups report that land management agencies are increasingly seeing
climbing and bouldering as part of their missions.
62
EQUESTRIAN IN THE BACKCOUNTRY
DEFINITION
Equestrian in the backcountry consists of riding horses and leading pack animals on
trails in a wilderness or other natural setting. Riding also may take place on regional
trails in a natural setting with a separate pathway (soft shoulder) specifically designed
for equestrian travel.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Facilities that support this activity offer soft surface or gravel trails in a natural setting
that are designated for equestrian recreation. These facilities have well-developed and
well-maintained access roads, parking areas with ample parking for trailered vehicles,
and amenities such as corals, hitching rails, loading ramps, water, and bathrooms. Trails
start at or reach open areas that facilitate large gatherings and camping. Where
backcountry equestrian recreation is collocated with other compatible recreation
activities, equestrian facilities are separate and signed for that use. Because equestrians
may travel further than hikers or other recreationists, there is a greater need for longer
routes of travel.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
This section includes trails listed under the Bicycling and Walking section that also are
used for equestrian recreation.
The Coast
Potential gap
Peninsulas
• Miller Peninsula Park (Kitsap County)
Need more horse camps on the Olympic Peninsula (Clallam, Jefferson, and Kitsap
Counties)
EQUESTRIAN IN THE BACKCOUNTRY
63
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Battle Ground Lake State Park (Lewis County)
• Capitol State Forest (Thurston County)
• Kalama Horse Camp (Lewis County)
• Whipple Creek Park (Clark and Vancouver Counties)
• Yacolt Burn State Forest (Clark, Cowlitz, and Skamania Counties)
Seattle-King County
• Middle Fork of Snoqualmie River (King County)
• Iron Horse State Park (King and Kittitas County)
North Cascades
• Blanchard Mountain and Lake Whatcom Recreation Areas (Whatcom County)
• Iron Horse State Park (King and Kittitas County)
• Les Hilde Trails (Skagit County)
South Central
Potential gap
Columbia Plateau
• Palouse to Cascades Trail (Adams, Grant, and Lincoln Counties)
Northeast
• Mount Spokane State Park (Spokane County)
EQUESTRIAN IN THE BACKCOUNTRY
64
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• The amount of backlogged maintenance on trails and access roads in some cases
leads to closing facilities and loss of opportunity.
• Frequent turnover in land manager staff makes partnerships hard to establish and
maintain.
• Insufficient parking for trailers and other amenities at some popular trailheads.
• Multiuse trails often are built and maintained primarily for hikers and mountain
bikers and not to equestrian standards, which require safe approaches to bridges,
bypass trails for steep downhill grades, high clearing limits, etc.
• Lack of an enforcement presence, which often leads to misuse of recreation areas
and degraded conditions.
• As trail use overall increases, need funding for more multipurpose trails as well as
equestrian-centric facilities.
• User conflicts with motorized recreationists.
• Expanded parking, including for trailers, at busy trailheads.
• Missing links in trails. Provide incentives for landowners to allow recreational
trails on and through their lands.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Establish a new authority to fund additional staff at land manager agencies to
enable them to create and enhance partnerships that will maintain and expand
EQUESTRIAN IN THE BACKCOUNTRY
65
riding opportunities. This may include volunteer recruitment coordination,
training, recognition, and project leadership.
• Align rules and regulations across government agencies to streamline
opportunities for volunteering.
• Provide incentives for private landowners to allow trails across their lands to
eliminate missing links on trails.
Funding
• Continue funding equestrian opportunities through existing programs and
consider support for these programs in any implementation of a road usage
charge.
• Support equestrian opportunities on Washington Department of Natural
Resources and U.S. Forest Service lands by maintaining roads, trails, and
trailheads; developing more camping and trailer parking at popular sites; and
funding more education and enforcement presence.
• Fund more trails near urban areas. Where able, conserve land for backcountry
equestrian and other nonmotorized uses near urbanizing areas.
NOTE
Pack horses are becoming more popular with many user groups to carry backcountry
gear, which allows people to venture deeper into wilderness for longer periods of time.
Wagon riders also are a significant user group in some areas (Iron Horse State Park).
66
FIREARMS
DEFINITION
Firearms recreation other than hunting (see “Hunting” in a separate section). Users
participate in this activity individually and in groups, indoors and outdoors, in dispersed
or concentrated areas, and in a wide range of landscapes from natural to highly
developed. Individual disciplines exist within this activity such as rifle, pistol, and
shotgun, as well as sub-disciplines such as short- and long-range activities, practical
shooting, black powder, and semiautomatic firearms; and skeet, trap, and sporting clay
sports.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Significant sites for firearm recreationists are those facilities that have a diversity of
shooting opportunities to accommodate different types of firearm and shooting sports.
These facilities have a clubhouse for gatherings and transactions, restrooms, large
parking areas, covered firing lines, safety and sound abatement devices, and developed
outdoor amenities such as picnic areas and camping areas with utility hookups.
Another type of significant facility is an informal but large shooting area on public land.
This type of facility has developed and well-maintained road access and large backstop
and side berms to contain projectiles.
Significant sites may accommodate large tournaments with a statewide, national, or
international draw.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
Potential gap
Peninsulas
Potential gap
FIREARMS
67
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Capitol State Forest, Triangle Pit (Thurston County)
• Evergreen Sportsman’s Club (Thurston County)
Seattle-King County
• Black Diamond Gun Club (King County)
• King County Shooting Sports Park (King County)
North Cascades
• Kenmore Shooting Range (King County)
South Central
• Sun Valley Shooting Park (Yakima County)
• Tri Cities Shooting Association (Benton County)
• Wenas Wildlife Area (Yakima County)
Columbia Plateau
• Lynden Gun Club (Adams County)
Northeast
• Spokane Gun Club (Spokane County)
The Palouse
Potential gap
FIREARMS
68
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Cost of operating a recreational range is expensive. Gun clubs typically do not
have a large capital reserve, and operating costs may not keep pace with
membership-driven revenue. The higher costs associated with shooting at a gun
club likely result in more informal shooting on public lands, which may be less
desirable than at a formal facility where safety and resource protection may be
better managed.
• Many established and sustainable ranges are on leased lands. The development
market has pushed many landowners to sell, which means clubs have to close or
move to smaller, less desirable properties with longer drive times for users.
• New development near established ranges raises nuisance and other regulatory
challenges.
• Many established clubs are operating with a conditional use permit
(nonconforming uses permit), which often prevents clubs from renovating or
expanding.
• With an increase in population and participation, managing safe and sustainable
target shooting opportunities on public land is becoming more challenging, yet
more important. Therefore, emphasis should be on supporting safe outdoor
ranges with covered shooting stations.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Evaluate and update authorities that preserve shooting opportunities in
developing areas.
Funding
• Fund a statewide public lands shooting plan to better coordinate and manage
sustainable outdoor shooting opportunities.
• Provide incentivizes for private landowners to allow shooting on their properties.
FIREARMS
69
• Maintain funding for range projects through the Firearms and Archery Range
Recreation grant program.
• Maintain funding for backcountry recreation activities such as firearms recreation
in any establishment of a road usage charge.
NOTE
Concerns for dispersed shooting on public lands includes fire starts in eastern
Washington.
70
FISHING AND SHELLFISHING
DEFINITION
Fishing for freshwater or saltwater fish from a bank or built infrastructure such as a jetty,
pier, or dock. Includes digging for clams at public beaches.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Exceptional assets are those next to or over a water body with a desired fish or shellfish
species. These assets exist in developed or natural landscapes. Access to significant sites
is by a well-developed and maintained roadway, trail, or sidewalk. Day-use amenities
such as seating, open lawn space, and restrooms are provided.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
Statewide
• Hundreds of miles of underused perpetual streambank fishing easements held by
the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife
The Coast
• Illwaco (Pacific County)
• Long Beach (Pacific County)
• Ocean Shores (Clamming, Grays Harbor County)
• Westport (Grays Harbor County)
Peninsulas
• Hoe River (Jefferson County)
Islands
Potential gap
FISHING AND SHELLFISHING
71
Southwest
• Mayfield, Merwin, and Riffe Lake Access Sites (Lewis County)
Seattle-King County
• Angle Lake Park (King County)
• Des Moines Marina fishing pier (King County)
• Green Lake Park (King County)
• Lake Washington (King County)
• Gene Coulon Memorial Park (King County)
North Cascades
• Edmond’s pier (Snohomish County)
• Lake Roosevelt (Douglas and Okanogan Counties)
• Methow Valley River Access Areas (Fly Fishing, Okanogan County)
South Central
• Lower Yakima River (Benton and Yakima Counties)
Columbia Plateau
• Banks Lake (Douglas County)
• Pothole Lakes (Grant County)
• Sprague Lake (Adams and Lincoln Counties)
Northeast
• Kettle River (Stevens County)
• Liberty Lake Regional Park (Spokane County)
FISHING AND SHELLFISHING
72
• Long Lake (Spokane County)
• Spokane River (Spokane County)
The Palouse
• Lake Roosevelt Access Areas (Douglas and Okanogan Counties)
• Quincy Lakes Access Areas (Grant County)
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Private property restrictions. Inability to access water where private property
abuts state waters.
• Insufficient fish stocks at desired locations.
• Beginners and nontraditional users don’t know where to go.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Funding
• Continue funding for water access projects in the Washington Wildlife and
Recreation Program and the Aquatic Lands Enhancement Account grant program.
• Evaluate the need for more funding at the Washington Department of Fish and
Wildlife to provide public information on fishing opportunities and programs for
new anglers.
• Expand hatchery services to keep pace with development and increased fishing
pressure. Fewer marine opportunities mean more need for upland stocks.
Maintain fish stocks to keep pace with increases in recreational anglers.
• Support sturgeon fishing in the Columbia River Gorge area, which is the only
place to catch the fish in the state).
73
HIKING AND BACKPACKING
DEFINITION
This activity is characterized by walking on trails in a natural setting. The experience can
be a single day, overnight, or multiple nights. For day hikes, camping is not part of the
experience. Backpacking is an overnight experience and recreationist bring all the items
needed for an overnight stay in the backcountry.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Significant sites are those with long-distance trails, loop trails, or those that are part of a
larger trail network. Exceptional sites also may be trails in natural settings with a shorter
or non-strenuous hike for beginners, families, or for those with less mobility or mobility
assist devices. These trails typically have a natural material surface but may be hardened
surfaces such as gravel or boardwalks. Hiking consists of walking on trails with constant
to intermittent elevation changes. The hiking experience is typically characterized by
walking to destination experiences such as a geographic feature, view, or something
culturally or historically significant. Hiking or backpacking may be done alone or in a
group and trail users may need a permit to access an area. Trailheads have ample
parking, restrooms, potable water, and may have day-use areas such as picnic shelters
or other amenities. For this study, only public lands were evaluated.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
This section includes those trails listed under the Bicycling and Walking section that also
are used for hiking. Therefore, the Quantitative Gaps section of the Bicycling and
Walking section also applies.
The Coast
Potential gap
Peninsulas
• Lake Cushman area trails (Mason County)
• Olympic Coast Trails (Clallam and Jefferson Counties)
Justin Haug
HIKING AND BACKPACKING
74
Islands
• Mount Constitution (San Juan County)
Southwest
• Columbia River Gorge (Clark, Klickitat, and Skamania Counties)
• Mount Rainier National Park (Pierce County)
• Mount Saint Helens National Volcanic Monument (Skamania County)
Pacific Crest Trail Corridor (Chelan, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pierce, Skagit, Skamania,
Snohomish, Okanogan Counties): Areas of this corridor are not protected and
sections need redevelopment.
Seattle-King County
• Alpine Lakes Wilderness (King and Kittitas Counties)
• Mount Si (King County)
Pacific Crest Trail Corridor (Chelan, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pierce, Skagit, Skamania,
Snohomish, and Okanogan Counties): Areas of this corridor are not protected
and sections need redevelopment.
• Snoqualmie Pass Area (King County)
• Tiger Mountain (King County)
North Cascades
Cascade Trail (Skagit County)
• Enchantments (Chelan County)
• North Cascade National Park (Skagit County)
Pacific Crest Trail Corridor (Chelan, King, Kittitas, Lewis, Pierce, Skagit, Skamania,
Snohomish, and Okanogan Counties): Areas of this corridor are not protected
and sections need redevelopment.
HIKING AND BACKPACKING
75
Pacific Northwest Trail (Chelan, Ferry, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Skagit, Stevens,
and Whatcom Counties). Some sections have not been developed and protected
as part of this regional route.
• Pasayten Wilderness (Okanogan County)
• Washington Pass and North Cascades Scenic Byway Corridor Trailheads
(Okanogan and Whatcom Counties)
South Central
• William O Douglas and Goat Rocks Wildernesses (Yakima County)
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
• Dishman Hills (Spokane County)
• Ferry County Rail Trail (Ferry County)
• High Drive Park and South Hill Bluff (Spokane County)
• Mount Spokane and Riverside State Parks (Spokane County)
Pacific Northwest Trail (Chelan, Ferry, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Skagit, Stevens,
Whatcom Counties). Major sections have not been developed and protected.
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUANTITATIVE GAPS
• The above gaps for existing trails include missing links or unprotected portions of
the trail (not in public ownership), and areas that are underdeveloped or lack
formal access points.
HIKING AND BACKPACKING
76
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• More public transportation to trailheads is needed.
• Maintenance of trails and support facilities such as restrooms, parking areas, and
access roads that have not had routine maintenance in any previous year. If
maintenance is deferred too long, use diminishes and areas may be closed.
• A variety of experiences available at a single trailhead. For example, a 1- or 2-mile
loop trail for beginners may be desirable at popular trailheads that also have
longer hikes.
• More urban to backcountry connections.
• New trails and trail connections to keep pace with, and expand opportunity, in
light of ongoing growth in activity.
• Additional trailhead parking at popular destinations. Parking often encroaches on
private property or creates safety hazardous on county roads. Available parking is
not keeping pace with growth in participation.
• Frequency and intensity of wildfires threatens sustainability of trails. Fires damage
trails and the subsequent unchecked erosion washes them away in the seasons
that follow. Fires also destroy bridges and other structures, which then limits
access to areas hikers value. There also are too few resources to repair washed
out access roads.
• The increasing cost of land reduces the ability to fill the gaps in long-distance
trails and to connect urban areas with the backcountry.
• Car prowling issues at trailheads.
• Access pass requirements may be confusing to users.
• Missing links in trails and dead-end trails that abut private lands.
HIKING AND BACKPACKING
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Provide incentives for private landowners to allow trails and access points.
• Fund additional staff at land manager agencies to enable them to create and
enhance partnerships that will maintain and expand recreational opportunities.
This may include volunteer recruitment coordination, training, recognition, and
project leadership.
• Establish an advisory committee to recommend policy and trail designations to
the Recreation and Conservation Funding Board’s statewide trails plan.
33
The
advisory committee would have three tasks: 1) develop a statewide trails plan
that identifies all the resources and projects that contribute to a statewide trails
system; 2) advise the board and other agencies on the status and priorities of a
statewide trails system; and 3) serve as a repository of information on local and
regional trails that connect to the state trails system.
• Create additional authorities to purchase land for trails in urbanizing
communities, and that link community and backcountry trails.
Funding
• Maintain funding for backcountry recreation activities such as hiking in any
establishment of a road usage charge.
• Evaluate and identify new revenue that provides sustainable funding to develop
new opportunities and keep trails and roads open and well-maintained to
support growth in participation.
• Create authorities that increase enforcement at trailheads to reduce crime.
33
Revised Code of Washington 79A
78
HUNTING WITH FIREARMS AND BOWS
DEFINITION
This activity consists of people accessing natural areas on foot, bicycle, off-road vehicle,
highway vehicle, or a mobility assist device to shoot game and other animals with
firearms or bows. Types of firearms and bows used and animals sought depend on
licenses, permits, and regulations of government agencies and policies of private
landowners. Hunting takes place in a natural setting but may occur near developed
areas. Hunting generally is a solitary activity but hunting in pairs or small groups is
common. Hunting water fowl may occur from a boat.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Exceptional assets for this activity are those that have habitat elements that support
specific animal species or communities of species. For sites where wildlife is released for
the hunting, the release date is more important than quality of habitat. It is important to
note that the natural supply of animals in any given locale often is cyclical over a few
years.
Hunters may desire a hunting camp experience to allow for multiple day hunts from a
single location. In these instances, access roads, trails, and large open areas are
important. As hunting is generally a solitary or small group activity, large trailheads,
parking, and support facilities to accommodate large crowds are not a necessity
although some parking and amenities are preferred. Pull-off or shoulder parking along
an access road is typically sufficient.
For hunters who prefer to hunt from boats, a site with adequate launch capacity and
parking, including for trailers, is essential.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
Potential gap
HUNTING WITH FIREARMS AND BOWS
79
Peninsulas
Potential gap
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Gifford Pinchot National Forests (Lewis and Cowlitz Counties)
Seattle-King County
Potential gap
North Cascades
Chelan Butte Wildlife Area (Chelan County). Needs road maintenance and
redevelopment.
Chesaw Wildlife Area (Ferry and Okanogan Counties). Needs road maintenance
and redevelopment.
Methow Valley Area (Okanogan County): Developed access displaces hunting
opportunities.
• Murray Wildlife Area (Okanogan County)
• Sinlahekin Wildlife Area (Okanogan County)
• Skagit and Whatcom Counties for water fowl.
South Central
• L.T. Murray Wildlife Area (Kittitas and Yakima Counties)
Wenas Wildlife Area (Kittitas and Yakima Counties). Road maintenance and
redevelopment needed.
HUNTING WITH FIREARMS AND BOWS
80
Columbia Plateau
• Pothole Lakes (Grant County)
• Banks Lake (Douglas County)
Northeast
Potential gap
The Palouse
• Chief Joseph Wildlife Area and 4-O Ranch (Asotin County)
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• “Pay to Play” on private lands is cost prohibitive (in excess of $400 for annual
access, on top of required licenses to hunt). Prohibitions for camping on private
land is a barrier.
o People leave Washington to hunt because it is cheaper and better areas
are open (more private access).
o Private forests often landlock public lands that are otherwise good for
hunting.
o Diversity of land uses in Washington limits the quantity of suitable private
lands.
o Lands for beginner hunters are more likely to be private.
• Places where the habitat supports the desired species and adequate motor
vehicle access and parking is provided.
• Changing habitat conditions, including natural disasters such as fires, limit
hunting and create cycles of good and bad hunting years.
• Insufficient access to public and private lands that have been thinned or logged.
These areas are often good places to hunt.
HUNTING WITH FIREARMS AND BOWS
81
• Where dispersed use is desired, access roads do not provide a pull-off or
shoulder parking.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Authorize additional incentives to private landowners to open land to public
hunting and host hunting opportunities for beginners.
• Where good hunting is available on private lands, authorize incentives to private
landowners to develop roads to a recreational standard rather than an
agricultural standard, and provide funding for their upkeep as needed.
• Find ways to increase hunting licenses sales, which in turn supports the needs of
hunters.
Funding
• Increase funding to build roads and redevelop or improve existing roads in areas
where desired wildlife is plentiful or where it may be plentiful in the near-term.
• Maintain funding for backcountry recreation activities such as hunting in any
establishment of a road usage charge.
• Fund additional habitat improvements where needed.
• Purchase good hunting areas (may be less than fee title) for public use.
82
LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN PARKS
DEFINITION
This activity consists of people recreating in a local or community park or other
destination setting such as a developed state park. Recreation activities in this category
include socializing, barbecues, picnics, lawn games, swimming and water play, playing
on playgrounds, art and nature viewing, visiting historical places and structures,
recreating with pets, hosting social events, attending community events and concerts,
and walking or riding bikes.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Facilities that support this activity have medium to large lawn spaces or plazas suited for
leisure activities, restrooms, and covered recreation areas such as picnic shelters,
viewpoints, and gazebos. Facilities also have paved access roads and large parking lots.
Desired locations have access roads for dropping off people and supplies. Areas are
well-maintained, may have a staff presence, and may have concessionaries. These
facilities may have a central attraction such as a historical landmark or other human-
made items, water access, trails, spray parks, or sport courts. Users also should have
universal access to all areas and amenities.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Public beaches (Grays Harbor and Pacific Counties)
Peninsulas
Potential gap
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Point Defiance Park, Ruston Way, and adjacent parks (Pierce County)
LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN A PARK
83
Seattle-King County
• Ballard Locks (King County)
• Cal Anderson, Green Lake, Lincoln, Outdoor Art Museum, Seward, and Volunteer
Parks (King County)
• Downtown Park (King County)
• Gene Coulon Memorial Park (King County)
• Lake Sammamish State Park (King County)
• Richmond Beach Saltwater Park (King County)
• Lake Meridian Park (King County)
North Cascades
• Boulevard Park (Whatcom County)
• Kiwanis Park (Chelan County)
• Larrabee State Park (Whatcom County)
• Legion Park (Snohomish County)
South Central
• Columbia Park (Benton County)
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
• River Front Park (Spokane County)
The Palouse
• Sunnyside Park (Whitman County)
LEISURE ACTIVITIES IN A PARK
84
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Both state and local parks and recreation agencies are struggling with a growing
maintenance backlog that affects both the upkeep and usability of playfields.
• Small public agencies with a large number of low-income residents or low
property values struggle with funding renovation of facilities and building parks.
• In light of predicted population growth, local governments have a need for
additional revenue sources to support park acquisition, renovation, and
maintenance. Their existing revenue sources of property taxes and general
revenue increasingly do not meet the needs of local parks departments.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Evaluate and identify new taxing authorities that support park development and
maintenance for all types of local governments and state parks.
• Consider authorities that allow governments not planning under the Growth
Management Act to establish park impact fees.
Funding
• Continue to fund grant and other programs that support local park development
priorities.
• Establish an additional funding program for artificial, multisport, athletic fields in
urban or urbanizing communities.
85
Paris Gore
MOUNTAIN BIKING
DEFINITION
This a trail riding activity using specialized mountain bikes equipped to handle a
diversity of terrain and typically takes place on dirt roads, double-track, or single-track
trails. Riders also may ride bikes with electric motors on all motorized trails as well as on
double- or single-track trails depending on land manager policies. In addition to riding
on trails, mountain bikers also may ride in mountain bike parks, which are properties
designed exclusively for mountain bikes. These parks offer skill-building trails with
different levels of difficulty, and at times provide lift service to the top of a ride. Riders
may use forest or primitive roads that link trails. Riders may recreate alone or in small
groups and may compete in mountain bike events.
PROFILE OF SIGNIFICANT ASSETS
Significant assets for mountain bikers includes trails in a natural setting, both in front
country and backcountry settings, as well as bike parks with trails exclusively for
mountain biking. Significant facilities have well-developed and maintained access
and/or shuttle roads, ample parking, and likely have trailhead facilities such as
bathrooms, potable water, and day-use areas for picnicking. Riding areas used for
community events or competitions have large open areas for staging and bike
maintenance, popup shelters, and portable concessionaires. For this study, only public
lands were evaluated.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
This section includes trails in the Bicycling and Walking section that also are used for
mountain biking. Therefore, the Quantitative Gaps section of the “Bicycling and
Walking” section also applies.
The Coast
Potential gap
MOUNTAIN BIKING
86
Peninsulas
• Olympic Discovery Trail Adventure Route (Clallam County)
• Port Gamble open space (Kitsap County)
Islands
• Moran State Park (San Juan County)
Southwest
• Capitol State Forest (Thurston County)
• Columbia River Gorge (Clark and Cowlitz Counties)
Mount Rainier area (Lewis and Pierce Counties): This area has fewer opportunities
than other Cascade Mountain locations.
• Swan Creek Park (Pierce Country)
• Yacolt State Forest (Lewis County)
o Coyote Wall Trails (Klickitat County)
• Gifford Pinchot National Forest and Mount Saint Helen’s Monument areas (Lewis
County)
Seattle-King County
• Duthie Hill Bike Park (King County)
• Grand Ridge (King County)
• Ollalie Trail (King County)
• Tiger Mountain and Raging River State Forests (King County)
North Cascades
• Bellingham to Baker Trail (Whatcom County)
MOUNTAIN BIKING
87
• Chuckanut Mountain Park and Larabee State Park (Skagit County)
• Derby Canyon (Okanogan County)
• Echo Ridge (Chelan County)
• Galbraith Mountain (Skagit County)
• Lake Padden and Boulevard Parks (Skagit County)
• Lookout Mountain (Whatcom County)
• Sage Hills (Chelan County)
• Ski Hill and Freund Canyon Trails (Okanogan County)
• Squilchuck State Park (Chelan County)
• Sun Mountain and Buck Mountain (Okanogan County)
South Central
• Yacult Burn State Forest (Clark County)
Columbia Plateau
Not identified yet
Northeast
• Abercrombie Mountain, Silver Creek (Pend Oreille County)
• Beacon Hill (Spokane County)
• High Drive Park and South Hill Bluff (Spokane County)
• Kettle Crest Trails (Ferry, Pend Oreille, and Stevens Counties)
• Micah Peak (Spokane County)
Spokane County. This area has disproportionately fewer trail miles than other
urban areas.
MOUNTAIN BIKING
88
The Palouse
Potential gap
Statewide
Cross-state mountain bike trail: Connection to the Oregon Timber Trail. (Chelan,
King, Kittitas, Klickitat, Lewis, Okanogan, Pierce, and Skamania Counties)
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Lack of developed mountain bike facilities in and near urbanizing communities.
Although places like Duthie Hill in Issaquah exist, they quickly reach capacity at
peak times because the sport is growing so fast. Mountain bikers prefer more
frequent rides close to home over destination experiences, which still are valued
greatly.
• Cascade Mountain Range: There is a lack of connectivity with larger trail networks
and trail experiences that offer an alpine experience or viewpoint.
• Mountain biking is prohibited in all designated wilderness areas.
• Trail maintenance funding is not keeping pace with growth in this activity.
• Non-sustainability of user built trails on U.S. Forest Service lands. Unapproved
development under threat of decommissioning.
• Parking areas frequented by mountain bikers often at capacity and riders must
seek out more distant access points.
• Underdeveloped policies (in places) for e-bikes.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Establish a new authority to fund additional staff at land manager agencies to
enable them to create and enhance partnerships that will maintain and expand
MOUNTAIN BIKING
89
mountain biking opportunities. This may include volunteer recruitment
coordination, training, recognition, and project leadership.
• Establish an advisory committee to recommend policy and trail designations to
the Recreation and Conservation Funding Board’s statewide trails plan.
34
The
advisory committee would have three tasks: 1) develop a statewide trails plan
that identifies all the resources and projects that contribute to a statewide trails
system; 2) advise the board and other agencies on the status and priorities of a
statewide trails system; and 3) serve as a repository of information on local and
regional trails that connect to the state trails system.
• Create additional authorities to purchase lands for trails in urbanizing
communities, and that link community and backcountry trails.
• Provide incentives for land manager agencies to support mountain bike
development on ski slopes in the off-season.
• Evaluate any policy needs with regard to ebikes on trails.
• Provide incentives for private landowners to allow trail activities on their lands.
Funding
• Maintain funding for backcountry recreation activities such as mountain biking in
any establishment of a road usage charge.
• Dedicate more funds to trail maintenance and larger trailheads at popular trails.
• Fund mountain bike facility development in urbanized areas to bring riding
opportunities close to home.
• Fund trail development to connect existing networks for longer rides.
34
Revised Code of Washington 79A
90
MOUNTAINEERING
DEFINITION
Mountaineering involves ascending mountains, which may include traversing areas of
snow and ice. Mountaineering usually requires special climbing and safety equipment
and may include overnight camping in the backcountry or at a trailhead. Mountaineers
may train by hiking, backpacking, and climbing in low-elevation areas.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Exceptional sites are high altitude natural areas with mountain peaks. These areas are
accessed by developed trails that typically end in an alpine environment.
Mountaineering may be done alone or in a small group and may be led by a paid guide.
Mountaineers may stay overnight in a backcountry, dispersed camping areas near the
destination climb. Trailheads that support mountaineering have ample parking,
restrooms, potable water, and may have day-use areas such as picnic shelters or other
amenities. For this study, only public lands were evaluated.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
Potential gap
Peninsulas
• Olympic National Park (Clallam and Jefferson Counties)
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Mount Saint Helens National Monument (Cowlitz County)
• Mount Rainier National Park (Pierce County)
MOUNTAINEERING
91
Seattle-King County
• Alpine Lakes Wilderness (King and Kittitas Counties)
• Mount Index (King County)
North Cascades
• Enchantments (Chelan County)
• Mount Baker (Whatcom County)
• North Cascades National Park (Whatcom County)
South Central
Potential gap
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
Potential gap
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Lack of needed facilities such as restrooms and developed camping areas in or
near the alpine areas. Over-use of popular sites in the alpine environment
damages the natural resources there and reduces the quality of experience and
may lead to closures.
• Insufficient trailhead parking at significant sites when other recreational users
visit as well.
MOUNTAINEERING
92
• More capacity (parking, trail maintenance) at low-elevation trails used for
training. These areas often are overcrowded because they are popular with other
nonmotorized trail activities.
• Limitations due to quotas and permits.
• Car prowling issues at trailheads.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Together with the recommendations for climbing, evaluate the desirability of a
reservation system for use of popular mountaineering areas.
Funding
• Add more parking at trailheads that serve mountaineers and other nonmotorized
users.
• More security and enforcement at trailheads to reduce car prowls.
• More maintenance of, and facilities at, backcountry sites to address resource
damage from over use.
• Maintain and develop more low-elevation sites that support training experiences
for mountaineers.
• Maintain funding for backcountry recreation such as mountaineering in any
establishment of a road usage charge.
93
NATURE ACTIVITIES
DEFINITION
Nature activities in parks or natural areas consists of experiencing and enjoying those
things that occur in the natural world. This includes beachcombing, wildlife viewing,
sightseeing of nature, visiting gardens and arboretums, spending time in a natural area,
nature photography, environmental education, etc. Staff evaluated nature activities
rather than the existence of conservation lands or open space that do not provide
access.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Significant places to engage in nature activities are parks and natural areas with well-
developed access roads and parking areas. These access points have amenities such as
restrooms and day-use areas. These areas also may have interpretive signs and trails,
boardwalks with viewing platforms, nature centers, and environmental education
programs.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Long Beach (Pacific County)
Peninsulas
• Hoh Rainforest (Jefferson County)
• Ozette Coast (Clallam County)
Islands
• State Parks’ properties (Island and San Juan Counties)
Southwest
• Columbia River Gorge (Benton, Clark, Klickitat, and Skamania Counties)
NATURE ACTIVITIES
94
• Mount Rainier National Park (Pierce County)
• Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge (Clark County)
• Scatter Creek Wildlife Area (Lewis County)
• Steigerwald Lake National Wildlife Refuge (Clark County)
Few natural areas in the Interstate 5 corridor from Vancouver to Olympia.
Seattle-King County
• Discovery, Seward, and Washington Arboretum Parks (King County)
North Cascades
• Jetty Island (Snohomish County)
South Central
• Cowiche Canyon (Yakima County)
• Oak Creek Wildlife Area (Yakima County)
Columbia Plateau
• Hanford Reach National Monument (Grant County)
• Columbia National Wildlife Refuge (Grant County)
Northeast
• Dishman Hills (Spokane County)
The Palouse
Few large public or private land trust land holdings in the Palouse area.
NATURE ACTIVITIES
95
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Finding adequate resources for stewardship efforts to maintain the ecological
integrity of a large land mass.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Evaluate the need for a statewide land manager and stakeholder group to
evaluate and prioritize investment needs in natural areas in the state.
96
OFF-ROAD 4X4 RIDING
DEFINITION
Off-road 4x4 recreation is driving or riding in a four-wheeled vehicle built for off-road
purposes, with a wheel for a steering device.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Significant sites for 4x4 recreation are double-track trails, primitive or other non-
highway roads, and non-habitat protected open areas in a natural setting. Highly
developed sports parks, which offer a variety of custom terrain also are included as
potential exceptional assets. Off-road 4x4 riding also may be a means to do other
recreational activities in the backcountry such as hunting, fishing, and camping.
Exceptional trails will have loops and long-distance routes that connect to other
opportunities and open areas for group gatherings. Because 4x4s generally are larger
than all-terrain vehicles and motorcycles they require larger facilities. Exceptional assets
have large parking areas with trailer parking, restrooms, potable water, day-use areas,
and overnight camping areas. Places that host competitive events have areas for
staging, mobile concessionaires, and utility hookups.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
Potential gap
Peninsulas
Potential gap
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Elbe Hills and Tahoma State Forests (Lewis County)
OFF-ROAD 4X4 RIDING
97
Trail routes originating in Eatonville and Packwood that link these areas
Seattle-King County
Potential gap
North Cascades
Adequate Jeep trails in the Lake Wenatchee area (Chelan County)
Areas near Wenatchee (Chelan County)
• Cle Elum Ranger District (Kittitas County)
Conconully Area (Okanogan County)
• Gallagher Lake Jeep Trail (Kittitas County)
Low-evaluation trails east of the Cascade Mountains that open in the spring
South Central
• Ahtanum State Forest (Yakima County)
Easy to access trails near the Tri-Cities and in the Yakima Valley (Benton and
Yakima Counties)
• Juniper Dunes Off-highway Vehicle Area (Franklin County)
• Naches Ranger District’s Funny Rocks and Moon Rocks (Yakima County)
• Saddle Mountain Off-highway Vehicle Area (Yakima County)
Columbia Plateau
Adequate developed rock crawls on Bureau of Land Management land near
Vantage (Grant County)
• Beverly Sand Dunes (Grant County)
• Crab Creek Wildlife Area (Grant County)
OFF-ROAD 4X4 RIDING
98
• Moses Lake Sand Dunes (Grant County)
Northeast
• Liberty Lake (Spokane County)
• Riverside State Park (Spokane County)
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Establishing and maintaining partnerships with land managers. Staff turnover and
lack of capacity limits effective partnerships.
• Maintenance of trails and related areas to keep them open.
• Many of the most popular areas are not large enough for special events.
• Closing sites because of land manager’s lack of capacity to manage impacts.
• Newer off-road vehicle recreationists not steeped in best practices have
disproportionate negative impacts.
• Missing links in trails and between trail networks. Provide incentives to
landowners to allow recreational trails on and through their lands.
• Expensive infrastructure needs, such as bridges to protect waters and wildlife, are
hard to fund.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Establish a new authority to fund additional staff at land manager agencies to
enable them to create and enhance partnerships that will maintain and expand
OFF-ROAD 4X4 RIDING
99
off-road vehicle opportunities. This may include volunteer recruitment
coordination, training, recognition, and project leadership.
• Establish an advisory committee to recommend policy and trail designations to
the Recreation and Conservation Funding Board’s statewide trails plan.
35
The
advisory committee would have three tasks: 1) develop a statewide trails plan
that identifies all the resources and projects that contribute to a statewide trails
system; 2) advise the board and other agencies on the status and priorities of a
statewide trails system; and 3) serve as a repository of information on local and
regional trails that connect to the state trails system.
o Within this effort, convene a stakeholder and land manager group to
produce a feasibility study and potential plan to complete a cross-state
off-road vehicle trail in the Cascade Mountains (Backcountry Discovery
Route).
o Create a task force to work with federal land managers and Washington
State Department of Natural Resources towards expanding off-road
vehicle use of roads (either open or closed).
• Provide incentives to landowners to allow recreational trails on and through their
lands.
Funding
• Provide more funding for education and enforcement patrols to reduce resource
damage and increased maintenance needs.
• Maintain funding for off-road recreation activities such as 4x4 recreation in any
establishment of a road usage charge.
NOTE
Off-road vehicles are the only way many people may experience the backcountry at
their own pace and independently.
35
Revised Code of Washington 79A
100
OFF-ROAD ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE RIDING
DEFINITION
Riding off-road, all-terrain, and utility vehicles for recreation. These vehicles have three
or four wheels, may be permitted for highway use, generally are smaller and lighter than
a highway vehicle, and may be driven with or without handlebars. These vehicles are
defined in state law.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSET PROFILE
An exceptional all-terrain vehicle asset are areas that have long-distance, double-track
trails or non-habitat protected open areas. Trail experiences consist of a loop trail
experience instead of an out-and-back experience. Exceptional assets also may be
developed sports parks, which provide a variety of riding experiences such as rock
crawls and obstacle courses. Exceptional sites have large open areas for camping, special
events, and competitions. All-terrain vehicle riding is also a way to do other forms of
backcountry recreation such as hunting, fishing, and camping. Exceptional assets also
may connect to highways where all-terrain vehicles and utility vehicles may drive legally.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Straddleline ORV Sports Park (Grays Harbor and Thurston Counties)
Peninsulas
• Tahuya State Forest (Kitsap County)
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Capitol State Forest (Thurston County)
• Elbe Hills and Tahoma State Forests (Lewis County)
OFF-ROAD ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE RIDING
101
Washington State Back Country Discovery Route (Extends through Washington
from Canada to Mexico). Gaps, including roads that don’t allow off-road vehicles,
exist along the route. Many areas need redevelopment.
Seattle-King County
Potential gap
North Cascades
• Colockum Wildlife Area (Kittitas County)
Omak to Naches route using a combination of highway and backcountry trails
Washington State Back Country Discovery Route (Extends through Washington
from Canada to Mexico). Gaps, including roads that don’t allow off-road vehicles,
exist along the route. Many areas need redevelopment.
• Washington’s Green Dot road system
South Central
• Ahtanum State Forest (Yakima County)
• Juniper Dunes (Franklin County)
Washington State Back Country Discovery Route (Extends through Washington
from Canada to Mexico). Gaps, including roads that don’t allow off-road vehicles,
exist along the route. Many areas need redevelopment.
Columbia Plateau
• Beverly Sand Dunes (Grant County)
• Moses Lake Sand Dunes (Grant County)
Northeast
• Golden Tiger Pathway (Ferry County)
OFF-ROAD ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE RIDING
102
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Areas where all-terrain vehicles cannot use highways to reach riding areas or link
riding areas together. This limits riding opportunities and tourism routes where
they may be desired.
• Inadequate resources to maintain some high-demand riding areas. This often
leads to closure of the site.
• State and federal land managers do not have enough capital to develop new sites
to keep pace with need.
• Shrinking federal staff capacity limits partnerships that are needed to keep sites
open and to develop new sites.
• Missing links in trails. Provide incentives to landowners to allow recreational trails
on and through their lands.
• U.S. Forest Service roads currently closed to highway vehicles but could be open
to all-terrain vehicles.
• Need more off-road vehicle trail experiences within driving distance of the
Tri-Cities and in the Interstate 5 corridor.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Establish a new authority to fund additional staff at land manager agencies to
enable them to create and enhance partnerships that will maintain and expand
off-road vehicle opportunities. This may include volunteer recruitment
coordination, training, recognition, and project leadership.
OFF-ROAD ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLE RIDING
103
• Establish an advisory committee to recommend policy and trail designations to
the Recreation and Conservation Funding Board’s statewide trails plan.
36
The
advisory committee would have three tasks: 1) develop a statewide trails plan
that identifies all the resources and projects that contribute to a statewide trails
system; 2) advise the board and other agencies on the status and priorities of a
statewide trails system; and 3) serve as a repository of information on local and
regional trails that connect to the state trails system.
o Within this effort, convene a stakeholder and land manager group to
produce a feasibility study and potential plan to complete a cross-state
off-road vehicle trail in the Cascade Mountains (Backcountry Discovery
Route).
• Create a task force to work with federal land managers and Washington State
Department of Natural Resources towards expanding off-road vehicle use of
roads (either open or closed).
• Broaden the authority for local governments to allow all-terrain vehicle use of
highways to connect riding areas.
• Consider additional resource development to address the growth in utility
vehicles use.
Funding
• Provide more funding for education and enforcement patrols to reduce resource
damage and increased maintenance needs.
• Maintain funding for off-road recreation activities such as all-terrain vehicle
recreation in any establishment of a road usage charge.
36
Revised Code of Washington 79A
104
OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLING
DEFINITION
Off-road motorcycling is riding a motorcycle on trails in a natural setting, open areas
suitable for off-road motorcycle riding, or at an off-road motorcycle sports park.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Off-road motorcycling at significant sites is characterized by riding on single-track trails
or non-habitat protected open areas in a natural setting with mountains and views, or in
a more developed setting such as a sports park with human-made obstacles and terrain
that offers experiences for a diversity of skill. Trail systems typically are large and
connect to other trails. Significant assets will have loop trails and open areas for riding
as well as open areas for group gatherings. These facilities are supported by large
parking areas with trailer parking, restrooms, potable water, day-use areas, and
overnight camping areas. Facilities well-suited for competitive events have areas for
staging, mobile concessionaires, and utility hookups.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
Potential gap
Peninsulas
Tahuya State Forest (Kitsap County)
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Capitol State Forest (Thurston County)
• Cowlitz Valley and Mount Adams areas (Cowlitz, Skamania, and Yakima Counties)
OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLING
105
Need more trails in the Interstate 5 corridor from Vancouver to Olympia.
Seattle-King County
Potential gap
North Cascades
Better trail development and maintenance in the Cabin Creek, Old Bluet Pass, and
Teanaway areas (Kittitas and Yakima Counties)
• Cle Elum Area: Lion’s Rock, and the Manastash and Teanaway Forests, (Chelan
and Kittitas Counties)
• Entiat Ranger District area (Chelan County)
• Mission Ridge Area (Kittitas County)
Need more trails in the Monroe area (Snohomish County)
South Central
Potential gap
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
Potential gap
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Need more loop trail experiences: out-and-back trails are not sufficient or
sustainable for motorcycle recreation.
OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLING
106
• Need longer trails than those provided for nonmotorized recreation because a
motorcyclist can cover more miles in a single ride.
• Lack of trail maintenance often leads to the closure of trails.
• Balance land-use policy between motorized and nonmotorized users.
• Off-road motorcycle recreation (along with other motorized forms) are becoming
family activities. Need to provide experiences that appeal to multiple generations.
• More camping opportunities at trails and trailheads.
• Missing links in trails: Provide incentives to landowners to allow recreational trails
on and through their lands.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Fund additional staff at land manager agencies to enable them to create and
enhance partnerships that will maintain and expand off-road vehicle
opportunities. This may include volunteer recruitment coordination, training,
recognition, and project leadership.
• Establish an advisory committee to recommend policy and trail designations to
the Recreation and Conservation Funding Board’s statewide trails plan.
37
The
advisory committee would have three tasks: 1) develop a statewide trails plan
that identifies all the resources and projects that contribute to a statewide trails
system; 2) advise the board and other agencies on the status and priorities of a
statewide trails system; and 3) serve as a repository of information on local and
regional trails that connect to the state trails system.
o Within this effort, convene a stakeholder and land manager group to
produce a feasibility study and potential plan to complete a cross-state
off-road vehicle trail in the Cascade Mountains (Backcountry Discovery
Route).
37
Revised Code of Washington 79A
108
PADDLING
DEFINITION
Paddling on oceans and lakes requires sitting in or standing on a small boat (typically a
kayak, canoe, or stand-up paddle board) and propelling and steering it through water
by human power. This activity does not include surfing.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Significant paddling sites are the ocean and destination lakes with paddling access
points available to the public. Significant assets have natural and developed shorelines,
or a mix thereof, and scenic vistas, historic or interesting shoreline development, or
other attractions. Significant access sites offer easy and safe access to and from the
water, and have ample parking, camping, and day-use facilities such as restrooms and
open areas for staging and relaxation. A significant access site may be natural, such as a
gravel beach or lawn, or developed, such as a dock, pier, or launching ramp.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Lower Columbia River Water Trail (Clark, Cowlitz, Klickitat, Pacific, Skamania, and
Wahkiakum Counties)
• Willapa Bay Water Trail (Pacific County)
Peninsulas
Potential gap
Islands
• Cama Beach (Island County
Southwest
• Lower Columbia River Water Trail (Clark, Cowlitz, Klickitat, Pacific, Skamania, and
Wahkiakum Counties)
PADDLING
109
Need more developed access points in the Columbia River Gorge.
• Northwest Discovery Trail (Benton, Columbia, Franklin, Garfield, Klickitat, Walla
Walla, and Whitman Counties)
• Point Defiance Park (Pierce County)
Seattle-King County
• Gene Coulon Park (King County)
• Lakes to Locks Water Trail (King County)
• Sail Sand Point and Magnuson Boat Launch at Sand Point Magnuson Park (King
County)
North Cascades
• Lake Chelan State Park (Chelan County)
• Steamboat Rock State Park (Okanogan County)
• Wenatchee Confluence State Park (Chelan County)
South Central
• Northwest Discovery Trail (Benton, Columbia, Franklin, Garfield, Klickitat, Walla
Walla, and Whitman Counties)
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
• Pend Oreille River Water Trail (Pend Oreille County)
• Spokane River (Spokane County)
PADDLING
110
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• For water trail routes, multiple landowners make coordination a challenge.
Coordination could include education and enforcement activities, policy issues
such as camping and access site standards, development, redevelopment,
maintenance, signs and branding, and volunteer efforts.
• Water trails are expensive to expand because waterfront property is costly.
• Coordinating dam flows with recreationists. For waters that are dammed, the flow
of water is key to providing more or less access and trip planning.
• Access sites that are leased may not have a long-term future.
• Marinas often prioritize in-water boat storage space over hand-launch areas.
More cost-effective to offer long-term leases to boaters than providing space for
paddlers.
• Private property restrictions. Inability to access upland amenities where private
property abuts state tidelands.
• Signs and camping along the established water trails that are too far apart.
• More parking will be needed to accommodate growth in this sport. Inexpensive,
quality equipment makes beginning this sport easy, which means growth will
continue.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Create a state office to coordinate paddle sports because this sport spans
multiple land manager agencies and regulatory bodies. This office should better
coordinate the planning and management of water trail systems to include
PADDLING
111
standards for development, maintenance, branding and signs, volunteers,
education, and enforcement, as well as coordinate paddle sport needs with dam
operators.
• Develop authorities that direct marinas to offer hand-launch opportunities to the
public if no other opportunity exists in an area.
• As able, create additional authorities for dam operators to support paddling
recreation.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of authorities designed to encourage more water
access for paddlers.
• Provide incentives to private landowners for access easements to and from
tidelands to allow travel between paddle craft and upland amenities.
Funding
• Buy more land for access to the water to support paddling as needed.
• Maintain funding for backcountry paddling activities in any establishment of a
road usage charge.
NOTE
Paddle sports continues to grow due to new developments in equipment and
accessories that reduce barriers to participate (lighter, less expensive gear and
accessories). Kayak fishing is on the rise.
112
PADDLING WHITEWATER
DEFINITION
Whitewater paddling is the recreational pursuit of sitting in or standing on a small boat
(typically a kayak or raft) or paddleboard and propelling and steering it through water
by human power. This is performed on moderate- to fast-moving rivers with a rating
scale Class I-V to indicate the level of skill needed and the difficulty of navigation.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Exceptional whitewater paddling sites are destination water bodies with paddling access
points available to the public. Exceptional access sites are those that offer easy and safe
access to and from the water, and have ample parking and day-use facilities such as
restrooms and open areas for staging and relaxation. A significant access site may be
natural such as a gravel beach or lawn, or developed such as a boat launch.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
Need more access developed on the Wynoochee River (Grays Harbor County)
Peninsulas
• Olympic Peninsula Rivers (Clallam, Jefferson, and Mason Counties)
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Green River (King and Pierce Counties)
• Little White Salmon River (Skamania County)
• White Salmon River (Klickitat County)
PADDLING WHITEWATER
113
Seattle-King County
• Forks of Snoqualmie River (King County)
• Green River (King and Pierce Counties)
North Cascades
• Methow River (Okanogan County)
More access sites needed on North Fork Nooksack River.
Need access sites to quality whitewater on the Skykomish River.
• Skagit River (Skagit County)
• Skykomish River (Snohomish County)
• Stillaguamish River, South Fork (Skagit and Snohomish Counties)
• Wenatchee River (Chelan County)
• Wenatchee River in Leavenworth (Okanogan County)
South Central
• Yakima River and Cooper River (Yakima County)
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
• Spokane River (Spokane County)
The Palouse
Potential gap
PADDLING WHITEWATER
114
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Drought and climate change impacts. Reduced snow pack is expected to reduce
the length of season that rivers may be accessible.
• Some private forestlands require permits that are cost prohibitive.
• Develop more river corridor plans for popular rivers where no plans exist.
• Federal and state land management agencies have inadequate resources to
provide ample river access points.
• Private landowners and Native American tribes are able to provide access but are
concerned about resource and liability impacts to their land.
• Rivers in Washington are unique and losing a site or access could negate that
opportunity statewide.
• As population grows, so does development pressure on rivers. Need to have a
plan in place to evaluate access points before development in urbanizing
counties takes place.
• Evaluate the impact standup paddleboards are having at access sites. This is a
growing segment of whitewater paddling.
• River access points are underfunded for maintenance and redevelopment.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Create a state office to coordinate paddle sports because this sport spans
multiple land manager agencies and regulatory bodies. This office should better
coordinate the planning and management of water trail systems to include
standards for development, maintenance, branding and signs, volunteers,
education, and enforcement, as well as coordinate paddle sport needs with dam
operators.
PADDLING WHITEWATER
115
• Evaluate the efficacy of authorities in Washington that support whitewater
paddling and other paddle sports and make improvements as needed. These
include authorities and programs that encourage general public river access on
private properties, state and federal wild and scenic river designations,
hydropower licensing requirements and programs, Washington State Department
of Transportation public access authorities, and other state agency programs
(State Parks, Department of Natural Resources, etc.).
Funding
• Develop a funding mechanism for maintenance, planning, and acquisition of river
access sites.
• Maintain funding for paddling activities in any establishment of a road usage
charge.
116
PLAYING SPORTS
DEFINITION
Outdoor athletics activities include participating in pick-up or league play in team or
individual sports. This activity considers both youth and adult sports performed on a
court or field designed and developed for one or more specific sports. These sports
include but are not limited to, baseball, basketball, cheer, cricket, football, ice sports
(hockey, figure skating, etc.), lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track and field, ultimate
Frisbee and Frisbee golf, and volleyball. For this study, only public lands were evaluated.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Exceptional sport and athletic facilities generally consist of four or more sports fields
with ample parking for large events. These facilities also have restrooms, storage and
maintenance structures, concessioner buildings or dedicated space for mobile
concessions, utility hookups throughout, and lighted fields or courts. A facility may be
dedicated to one sport or multiple sports with playing surfaces that are multi-functional.
An exceptional asset also may be a single, well-maintained playing surface with stadium
seating, scoreboards, announcer’s booth, and concession area, and may have indoor
changing facilities for players.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• Bishop Athletic Complex (Grays Harbor County)
Peninsulas
Potential gap
Islands
Potential gap
PLAYING SPORTS
117
Southwest
• Regional Athletic Complex (Thurston County)
• Tom O’Shanter Park (Cowlitz County)
Seattle-King County
• Bannerwood Ball Park (King County)
• Big Fin Hill Park (King County)
• Lower Woodland, Magnuson, and West Seattle Stadium Parks (King County)
• Marymoor Park (King County)
• Ravensdale Park (King County)
• Sammamish River Regional Park (King County)
North Cascades
• Eastside Park (Okanogan County)
• Rotary Park (Kittitas County)
South Central
• Columbia Play Field (Benton County)
• Kiwanis Park (Yakima County)
• TRAC Softball/Playfields Complex (Benton County)
Columbia Plateau
• Kenroy Park (Douglas County)
• McDonald Park (Whitman County)
PLAYING SPORTS
118
Northeast
• Dwight Merkel Sports Complex (Spokane County)
• Plante’s Ferry Sports Complex (Spokane County)
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• High purchase and installation cost of artificial playing surfaces and lights. These
facilities are needed where there is high demand for playing time. Artificial fields
do not need down time to regenerate and are playable in any weather, and lights
extend play opportunities into the evening.
o Concerns over the impact on human health of certain playfield surfaces,
such as crumb-rubber, has limited how and where sports fields are built
and is likely to increase the cost of constructing field surfaces.
• Marathons, triathlon, and ultra races. Land managers often are hard to work with
to establish staging areas for long races.
• Growth of sports surfaces and courts needs are not keeping pace with population
changes.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Develop new revenue authorities for public agencies experiencing significant
population growth, and areas of the state without destination tournament sites,
to fund multisport, artificial playing surfaces (new or redevelopment) and lighting
projects.
• Develop authorities and programs to help low-income sports leagues obtain use
of quality fields and courts at the desired seasons and times of day.
PLAYING SPORTS
119
NOTE
Artificial playing surfaces have a higher initial cost but also create higher revenues
because they have more availability than natural surfaces and reduce maintenance costs.
120
SCUBA DIVING
DEFINITION
SCUBA (Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus) diving is any underwater
activity outside of a vessel where the recreationists has its own artificial breathing
device. SCUBA divers also may use propulsion assist devices and vehicles.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
Exceptional SCUBA diving assets are natural waters where boat or other water activities
are restricted to allow people to recreate underwater safely. These underwater areas are
scenic and offer interesting features or wildlife. Exceptional sites provide safe and easy
access to the water, have well-developed and maintained roads and parking areas,
running water, and restrooms.
The Coast
Potential gap
Peninsulas
Access for SCUBA divers at Twanoh State Park (Mason County)
• Fort Ward Park (Kitsap Country)
• Potlach State Park (Mason County)
More access for SCUBA divers at Camano Island (Island County)
Southwest
More access for SCUBA divers needed at: Joemma Beach, Kopachuck, and
Penrose Point State Parks (Pierce County), and Tolmie State Park (Thurston
County
SCUBA DIVING
121
Seattle-King County
• Redondo Beach Park artificial reef project (King County)
• Saltwater State Park (King County)
• Seacrest Park (King County)
North Cascades
• Brackett’s Landing Park (Snohomish County)
South Central
Potential gap
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
Potential gap
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Lack of funding to maintain the sites.
• Generally need better beach access and ample restrooms and parking. Because
SCUBA diving activities often are collocated with other recreational activities
there is more competition for support facilities.
SCUBA DIVING
122
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Direct agencies who manage or regulate waterfront property or development to
better coordinate with the SCUBA diving community in their planning,
acquisition, development, maintenance, and regulatory programs.
Funding
• Continue to support funding of water access sites, and tideland and bedlands
stewardship.
123
SKIING
DEFINITION
Alpine skiing, or downhill skiing, is the pastime of sliding down snow-covered slopes on
skis with fixed or free-heel bindings or on snowboards. Alpine skiing includes services
such as ski lifts to bring skiers to the higher elevation to begin their skiing, groomed
skiing surfaces, a ski patrol presence, and lighted ski runs to extend skiing into the
evening. Backcountry skiing is similar except the skier is in a more remote and
undeveloped setting and they do not rely on ski lifts to gain elevation, and the skiing
surface is natural, ungroomed snow.
PROFILE OF EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS
Alpine skiing significant assets consist of alpine ski areas that have multiple routes of
different length and difficulty, ski lifts, lighting for evening use, large parking areas with
developed comfort facilities such as warming areas, restaurants, shops, and rental
equipment. These areas have well-maintained access roads and other routes of travel.
Nearly all alpine ski areas in Washington are privately operated on leased government
lands.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• None
Peninsulas
• Hurricane Ridge (Clallam County)
Islands
• None
Southwest
• Crystal Mountain Resort (Lewis County)
SKIING
124
• White Pass Ski Area (Lewis County)
Seattle-King County
• Snoqualmie Pass Ski Areas (King County)
North Cascades
• Mission Ridge (Chelan County)
South Central
Potential gap
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
• 49 degrees North Mountain Resort (Stevens County)
• Mount Spokane State Park (Spokane County)
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Warmer temperatures mean less desirable conditions and shorter seasons.
• Overcrowding, limited facilities, and constrained parking.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Continue and expand where needed snow plowing efforts to keep downhill ski
areas and parking areas open.
125
SNOWMOBILING
DEFINITION
Snowmobiling is riding a motorized vehicle designed for winter travel and recreation on
snow. A snowmobile typically has a single belt track on the rear for propulsion and one
or two skis on the front that the operator controls with handlebars. It is designed to be
operated on snow and ice and does not require a road or trail. Most are driven on open
terrain or groomed trails.
PROFILE OF SIGNIFICANT ASSETS
Significant snowmobiling assets are areas covered in snow in a natural setting where
snowmobiling is allowed. Riding areas are composed of open areas or trails or both.
Significant sites have large plowed parking and staging areas suitable for trailers and
campers, well-maintained access roads, and may have warming huts and restrooms. For
large events, larger areas are needed for staging and mobile concessionaires.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• None
Peninsulas
Potential gap
Islands
Potential gap
Southwest
• Greenwater Sno-Park (Kittitas and Yakima Counties
Seattle-King County
Potential gap
SNOWMOBILING
126
North Cascades
• Blewett Pass Sno-Park (Kittitas County)
• Crystal Springs Sno-Park near Stampede Pass (Kittitas County)
• Goat Creek Sno-Park Area (Okanogan County)
• Lake Wenatchee and Fish Lake Sno-Park Area (Chelan County)
• Manastash Area Sno-Park (Kittitas County)
South Central
Potential gap
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
• Mill Creek Area Sno-Park (Pend Oreille County)
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Land use policies, such as allowing resource extraction, may take away from the
snowmobiling experience.
• Lack of lodging options near snowmobile areas.
• Maintenance and grooming funding is not keeping pace with increasing need.
• Keeping highways, access roads, and parking areas clear of snow and ice in the
winter.
SNOWMOBILING
127
• Concerns about environmental impacts may pose a challenge for increased
access.
• Changing climate limiting snowmobiling season.
• Insufficient parking and support facilities at trails and trailheads where multiple
winter recreational activities are allowed.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Evaluate effectiveness of maintenance and plowing as it relates to providing
recreational access to desired sites.
Funding
• Maintain funding for the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission’s
Snowmobile Program and Sno-Park Program activities in any establishment of a
road usage charge.
128
WINTER TRAILS
DEFINITION
Cross-country skiing, skate-skiing, and snowshoeing are forms of winter trail activities
that are nonmotorized. These recreationists rely on their own power to move across
snow-covered terrain, rather than using ski lifts or other assistance. Cross-country skiing
and snowshoeing mostly take place on groomed trails; skate-skiers require a trail that is
groomed.
Snowshoeing is a type of hiking that involves walking over snow using specialized
footwear (snowshoes).
Snowshoers and cross-country skiers may stay overnight in a natural setting. Those
doing so carry supplies in a backpack or on sled that is attached to the user’s waist and
towed behind.
PROFILE OF SIGNIFICANT ASSETS
Nonmotorized winter trail activity assets are backcountry and front country natural areas
where snow accumulates to a desired minimum depth. Activities take place on groomed
trails although cross-country skiing and snowshoeing also occur on non-groomed trails
and open areas including alpine areas. Trails should travel through scenic or historical
areas with viewpoints. Significant assets have large, snow-plowed access roads and
parking areas, and may have warming huts and restrooms. Assets used for large events
and competitions must have extra room for staging and mobile concessionaires.
EXCEPTIONAL ASSETS AND GAPS
The Coast
• None
Peninsulas
Potential gap
WINTER TRAILS
129
Islands
• None
Southwest
• Mount Tahoma Trail System (Lewis County)
Seattle-King County
• Cabin Creek Sno-Park (King County)
North Cascades
• Echo Ridge Trails (Chelan County)
• Lake Wenatchee State Park Sno-Park (Chelan County)
Mazama and Winthrop winter trails (Okanogan County): More infrastructure
development needed to keep pace with growth in sport in the Methow Valley.
These needs include roads, parking, snow plow services, utilities, backcountry
education, and public safety personnel.
• Salmon Ridge Sno-Park (Skagit County)
South Central
• Pleasant Valley Trail System (Yakima County)
Columbia Plateau
Potential gap
Northeast
• Frater Lake Sno-Park (Pend Oreille County)
• Mount Spokane (Spokane County)
WINTER TRAILS
130
The Palouse
Potential gap
QUALITATIVE GAPS AND FUTURE NEEDS
• Warmer temperatures for longer duration may reduce snow accumulation, which
may shorten winter recreation season.
• Coordinating large trail systems with multiple land managers. Staff turnover stalls
partnerships.
• Competing land uses such as resource extraction may change the user
experience.
• Maintaining access roads in harsh conditions including the interstate highway
system in Washington.
• Inadequate parking. Roadside and dispersed parking is undesirable in winter
conditions.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Policy
• Establish a new authority to fund additional staff at land manager agencies to
enable them to create and enhance partnerships that will maintain and expand
winter trail opportunities. This may include volunteer recruitment coordination,
training, recognition, and project leadership.
• For the Methow Valley, authorize a stakeholder and land manager group to
coordinate planning and prioritization of investments needed to respond to
growth in winter trail recreation. Subjects should include a plan to improve and
expanded facilities, operations and maintenance goals, and public safety and
transportation priorities and improvements.
• Evaluate highway road maintenance and plowing funding as a priority as it
relates to providing recreational access to desired sites.
132
APPENDIX B: OUTREACH LIST
49 Degrees North Mountain Resort
Access Fund
American Alpine Club
American Whitewater
Back Country Horsemen of Washington
Backcountry Hunters and Anglers
Cascade Mountain Runners
Clark County Horse Council
Cross-Washington Mountain Bike Route
Discover Your Northwest
Dishman Hills Conservancy
Ducks Unlimited
Everett Steelhead and Salmon Club
Evergreen Mountain Bike Alliance
Ferry County Rail Trail Partners
Friends of Capital Forest
Friends of the Centennial Trail
Friends of the Tekoa Trestle
Inland Northwest Trails Coalition
Kittitas County Field and Stream Club
Latino Outdoors
Leavenworth Mountain Association
Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership
Methow Trails
Methow Valley Climbers
Mount Baker Ultra
Mount Vernon Parks Foundation
National Parks Service
Nisqually River Foundation
North American Power Kite Association
Northwest Marine Trade Association
Northwest Motorcycle Association
Pacific County Tourism Bureau
Pacific Northwest Four Wheel Drive
Association
Pacific Northwest Ski Association
Pacific Northwest Trails Association
Palouse to Cascades Trail Coalition
Pasco
Peninsula Trails Coalition
Pierce County Parks and Recreation
Services
Port of Chinook
Port of Everett
Port of Illwaco
Port Townsend
Recreational Boaters of Washington
Renton
Richland Rod and Gun Club
Ruffed Grouse Society
Sail Sand Point
Sierra Club
Sierra Club, Washington Chapter
APPENDIX B: OUTREACH LIST
133
Skagit County Parks and Recreation
Department
Spokane Gun Club
Spokane Parks and Recreation
Department
The Mountaineers
Traditional Bowhunters of Washington
U.S. Forest Service
Vancouver Audubon Society
Visit Long Beach
Waggoner Cruising Guide
Washington Alpine Club
Washington ATV Association
Washington Climbers Coalition
Washington Department of Archaeology
and Historic Preservation
Washington Department of Fish and
Wildlife
Washington Department of Natural
Resources
Washington Off-Highway Vehicle
Alliance
Washington Recreation and Parks
Association
Washington SCUBA Alliance
Washington State Archery Association
Washington State Department of Health
Washington State Department of
Transportation
Washington State Park and Recreation
Commission
Washington Trail Riders Association
Washington Trails Association
Washington Wildlife and Recreation
Coalition
Washingtonians for Wildlife
Conservation
Wenatchee Row and Paddle Club
Whatcom Mountain Bike Coalition
Yakima Valley Dust Dodgers
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