Summary of Dietary Reference Values – version 4 (September
2017)
1
Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by
the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)
The term Dietary Reference Value (DRV) is an umbrella term for the complete set of nutrient
reference values which include, among others, concepts like the Population Reference Intakes, the
Average Requirements, Adequate Intakes and Reference Intake ranges for macronutrients (EFSA
NDA Panel, 2010), which indicate the amount of an individual nutrient that people need for good
health depending on their age and gender.
In its opinions, EFSA used four types of DRVs:
• The Population Reference Intake (PRI), which is the level of (nutrient) intake that is
adequate for virtually all people in a population group. On the assumption that the individual
requirements for a nutrient are normally distributed within a population and the inter-
individual variation is known, the PRI is calculated on the basis of the AR plus twice its
standard deviation (SD). This will meet the requirements of 97.5% of the individuals in the
population.
• The Average Requirement (AR), which is the level of (nutrient) intake estimated to satisfy
the physiological requirement or metabolic demand, as defined by the specified criterion for
adequacy for that nutrient, in half of the people in a population group, given a normal
distribution of requirement.
• The Adequate Intake (AI), which is the value estimated when a PRI cannot be established
because an AR cannot be determined. An Adequate Intake is the average observed or
experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a population
group (or groups) of apparently healthy people that is assumed to be adequate. The practical
implication of an AI is similar to that of a PRI, i.e. describe the level of intake that is
considered adequate for health reasons. The terminological distinction relates to the different
way in which these values are derived and to the resultant difference in the “firmness” of the
value.
• The Reference Intake range (RI), which is the intake range for macronutrients, expressed as
% of the energy intake. These apply to ranges of intakes that are adequate for maintaining
health and associated with a low risk of selected chronic diseases.
The work done by EFSA in this area was based on a request from the European Commission, which
asked EFSA to update previous European advice (SCF, 1993), taking into account new scientific
evidence and recent recommendations issued at national and international level.
This document provides an overview about the outcome of EFSA’s scientific deliberations. The
detailed reasoning for establishing individual values can be found in the related opinions of the NDA
Panel. Links to the respective opinions are included in Table 7 of this document.
Summary of Dietary Reference Values – version 4 (September
2017)
2
Table 1: Summary of Average Requirements (ARs) for energy
Age
(b)
AR for Energy
(MJ
(a)
/d)
at
PAL=1.4
(c)
at
PAL=1.6
(c)
at
PAL=1.8
(c)
at
PAL=2.0
(c)
M F M F M F M F M F
7 mo 2.7 2.4
8 mo 2.8 2.5
9 mo 2.9 2.6
10 mo 3.0 2.7
11 mo 3.1 2.8
1 y 3.3 3.0
2 y 4.3 4.0
3 y 4.9 4.6
4 y 5.3 4.9 6.0 5.6 6.8 6.3
5 y 5.6 5.2 6.4 5.9 7.2 6.7
6 y 5.9 5.5 6.7 6.3 7.6 7.1
7 y 6.3 5.8 7.2 6.7 8.1 7.5
8 y 6.7 6.2 7.6 7.1 8.6 7.9
9 y 7.0 6.6 8.1 7.5 9.1 8.4
10 y 8.1 7.6 9.1 8.6 10.1 9.5
11 y 8.5 8.0 9.6 9.0 10.7 10.0
12 y 9.1 8.4 10.2 9.4 11.4 10.5
13 y 9.8 8.8 11.0 9.9 12.2 11.0
14 y 10.5 9.1 11.8 10.2 13.1 11.4
15 y 11.3 9.3 12.7 10.5 14.1 11.7
16 y 11.9 9.5 13.4 10.6 14.9 11.8
17 y 12.3 9.5 13.8 10.7 15.4 11.9
18-29 y 9.8 7.9 11.2 9.0 12.6 10.1 14.0 11.2
30-39 y 9.5 7.6 10.8 8.7 12.2 9.8 13.5 10.8
40-49 y 9.3 7.5 10.7 8.6 12.0 9.7 13.4 10.7
50-59 y 9.2 7.5 10.5 8.5 11.9 9.6 13.2 10.7
60-69 y 8.4 6.8 9.6 7.8 10.9 8.8 12.1 9.7
70-79 y 8.3 6.8 9.5 7.7 10.7 8.7 11.9 9.6
Pregnancy
1
st
trimester + 0.29
(d)
2
nd
trimester + 1.1
(d)
3
rd
trimester + 2.1
(d)
Lactation
0-6 mo post partum + 2.1
(d)
d, day; F, female; M, male; mo, months; PAL, physical activity level; y, years
(a)
1 MJ = 238.83 kcal
(b)
ARs for energy are calculated by multiplying estimates of resting energy expenditure (REE), derived from predictive
equations, with PAL values. For estimating REE in adults, anthropometric data from representative national surveys in
EU Member States were used. ARs for energy were not calculated for adults ≥ 80 years because of a lack of
anthropometric data from EU countries for this age group.
(c)
PAL values of 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 reflect low active (sedentary), moderately active, active and very active lifestyles
(EFSA NDA Panel, 2013).
(d)
in addition to the AR for energy of non-pregnant, non-lactating women
Summary of Dietary Reference Values – version 4 (September
2017)
3
Table 2: Summary of Average Requirements (ARs) and Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) for
protein
Age
AR for Protein
(g/kg bw
(a)
per day)
PRI for Protein
(g/kg bw
(a)
per day)
M F M F
0.5 y
1.12 1.31
1 y 0.95 1.14
1.5 y 0.85 1.03
2 y 0.79 0.97
3 y 0.73 0.90
4 y 0.69 0.86
5 y 0.69 0.85
6 y 0.72 0.89
7 y 0.74 0.91
8 y 0.75 0.92
9 y 0.75 0.92
10 y 0.75 0.91
11 y 0.75 0.73 0.91 0.90
12 y 0.74 0.72 0.90 0.89
13 y 0.73 0.71 0.90 0.88
14 y 0.72 0.70 0.89 0.87
15 y 0.72 0.69 0.88 0.85
16 y 0.71 0.68 0.87 0.84
17 y 0.70 0.67 0.86 0.83
18-59 y 0.66 0.83
≥ 60 y 0.66 0.83
Pregnancy
1
st
trimester +0.52 g/d
(b)
+1 g/d
(
c
)
2
nd
trimester +7.2 g/d
+9 g/d
(
c
)
3
rd
trimester +23 g/d
+28 g/d
(
c
)
Lactation
0-6 mo post partum + 15 g/d
+19 g/d
(c)
>6 mo post partum + 10 g/d
+13 g/d
(c)
bw, body weight; F, female; M, male; y, years
(a): to be multiplied by reference body weights to calculate values in g/day
(b): in addition to the AR for protein of non-pregnant, non-lactating women
(c): in addition to the PRI for protein of non-pregnant, non-lactating women
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
4
Table 3: Summary of Reference Intake Ranges (RI) for total fat and carbohydrates and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for fatty acids, dietary fibre and water
Age
group
(years)
Total fat
(E%)
(a)
SFA LA
(E%)
(b)
ALA
(E%)
(b)
EPA+DHA
(mg/d)
(b)
DHA
(mg/d)
(b)
TFA Age
group
(years)
Total carbohydrates
(E%)
(a)
Dietary fibre
(g/d)
(b)
Age
group
(years)
Water
(L/d)
(b), (c)
M F
7-11 mo
(d)
40
(
b
)
ALAP 4 0.5 100 ALAP 6-12 mo 0.8-1.0
1 35-40 ALAP 4 0.5 100 ALAP 1-3 45-60 10 1 1.1-1.2
2-3 35-40 ALAP 4 0.5 250 ALAP 2-3 1.3
4-17 20-35 ALAP 4 0.5 250 4-6 45-60 14 4-8 1.6
7-10 45-60 16 9-13 2.1 1.9
11-14 45-60 19 14-17 2.5 2.0
15-17 45-60 21
≥ 18 20-35 ALAP 4 0.5 250 ALAP ≥ 18 45-60 25 ≥ 18 2.5 2.0
Pregnancy
20-35 ALAP 4 0.5 250 +100-200
(
e
)
ALAP 2.3
Lactation
20-35 ALAP 4 0.5 250 +100-200
(
e
)
ALAP 2.7
ALA; α-linolenic acid; ALAP, as low as possible; d, day; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; E% percentage of energy intake; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; F, female; L, liter; LA, linoleic acid; M,
male;
mo, months, SFA, saturated fatty acids; TFA, trans-fatty acids
(a)
RI
(b)
AI
(c)
includes water from beverages of all kind, including drinking and mineral water, and from food moisture
(d)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
(e)
in addition to combined intakes of EPA and DHA of 250 mg/day
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
5
Table 4: Average Requirements (ARs) for minerals
1
- MALES
Age group (years)
Calcium (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Iron (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Zinc
(mg/d)
LPI
(mg/d)
7–11 mo
(a)
8
7–11 mo
(a)
(
b
)
2.4
1–3
390
1–6
5
1–3
(
b
)
3.6
4–10
680
4–6
(
b
)
4.6
7–11
8
7–10
(
b
)
6.2
11–17
960
11–14
(
b
)
8.9
12–17
8
15–17
(b
)
11.8
18–24
860
≥ 18
6
≥ 18 300
7.5
≥ 25
750
600
9.3
900
11.0
1,200
12.7
d, day; LPI, level of phytate intake; mo, months
(a)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
(b)
The fractional absorption of zinc considered in setting ARs for children was based on data from mixed diets expected to contain variable quantities of phytate; therefore, no adjustment for
phytate intake has been made
1
The evaluation for sodium and chloride is ongoing
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
6
Table 5: Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for minerals
2,3
- MALES
Age group (years)
Calcium (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Fluoride (mg/d)
Iodine (μg/d)
Manganese (mg/d)
Molybdenum (μg/d)
Phosphorus (mg/d)
Potassium (mg/d)
Selenium (μg/d)
Age group (years)
Iron (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Copper (mg/d)
Magnesium (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Zinc
(mg/d)
LPI
(mg/d)
7–11 mo
(a)
280 7–11 mo
0.4 70
0.02–0.5
(
b
)
10
160 750 15 7–11 mo
(a)
11
7–11 mo
(a)
0.4 80 7–11 mo
(a)
(
c
)
2.9
1–3
450
1–3 0.6 90
0.5 15
250 800 15 1–6
7
1–2 0.7 170 1–3
(
c
)
4.3
4–10
800
4–6 1.0 90
1.0 20
440 1,100 20 3–9 1.0 230 4–6
(
c
)
5.5
7–10 1.5 90
1.5 30
440 1,800 35 7–11
11
10–17 1.3 300 7–10
(
c
)
7.4
11–17
1,150
11–14 2.2 120
2.0 45
640 2,700 55 11–14
(
c
)
10.7
15–17 3.2 130
3.0 65
640 3,500 70 12–17
11
15–17
(
c
)
14.2
18–24
1,000
≥ 18 3.4 150
3.0
65 550 3,500 70 ≥ 18
11
≥ 18 1.6 350 ≥ 18 300
9.4
≥ 25
950
600
11.7
900
14.0
1,200
16.3
d, day; LPI, level of phytate intake; mo, months
PRIs are presented in bold type and AIs in ordinary type
(a)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
(b)
In view of the wide range of manganese intakes that appear to be adequate, a range is set for the AI of this age group
(c)
The fractional absorption of zinc considered in setting PRIs for children was based on data from mixed diets expected to contain variable quantities of phytate; therefore, no adjustment for
phytate intake has been made
2
For chromium, setting an AI or a PRI was considered not appropriate
3
The evaluation for sodium and chloride is ongoing
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
7
Table 6: Average Requirements (ARs) for minerals
4
- FEMALES
Age group (years)
Calcium (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Iron (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Zinc
(mg/d)
LPI
(mg/d)
7–11mo
(a)
8
7–11 mo
(a)
(
b
)
2.4
1–3
390
1–6
5
1–3
(b)
3.6
4–10
680
4–6
(b)
4.6
7–11
8
7–10
(b)
6.2
11–17
960
11–14
(b)
8.9
12–17
7
15–17
(b)
9.9
18–24
860
≥ 18
Premenopausal
Postmenopausal
7
6
≥ 18 300
6.2
≥ 25
750
600
7.6
900
8.9
1,200
10.2
Pregnancy
18–24
860 7 +1.3
(
c
)
≥ 25
750
Lactation
18–24
860 7 +2.4
(
c
)
≥ 25
750
d, day; LPI, level of phytate intake; mo, months
(a)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
(b)
The fractional absorption of zinc considered in setting ARs for children was based on data from mixed diets expected to contain variable quantities of phytate; therefore, no adjustment for
phytate intake has been made
(c)
In addition to the ARs for non-pregnant, non-lactating women
4
The evaluation for sodium and chloride is ongoing
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
8
Table 7: Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for minerals
5,6
- FEMALES
Age group (years)
Calcium (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Fluoride (mg/d)
Iodine (μg/d)
Manganese (mg/d)
Molybdenum (μg/d)
Phosphorus (mg/d)
Potassium (mg/d)
Selenium (μg/d)
Age group (years)
Iron (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Copper (mg/d)
Magnesium (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Zinc
(mg/d)
LPI
(mg/d)
7–11 mo
(a)
280 7–11 mo
(a)
0.4 70
0.02–0.5
(
b
)
10
160 750 15 7–11mo
(a)
11
7–11 mo
(a)
0.4 80 7–11 mo
(a)
(
c
)
2.9
1–3
450
1–3 0.6 90
0.5 15
250 800 15 1–6
7
1–2 0.7 170 1–3
(
c
)
4.3
4–10
800
4–6 0.9 90
1.0 20
440 1,100 20 3–9 1.0 230 4–6
(
c
)
5.5
7–10 1.4 90
1.5 30
440 1,800 35 7–11
11
10–17 1.1 250 7–10
(
c
)
7.4
11–17
1,150
11–14 2.3 120
2.0 45
640 2,700 55 11–14
(
c
)
10.7
15–17 2.8 130
3.0 65
640 3,500 70 12–17
13
15–17
(
c
)
11.9
18–24
1,000
≥ 18 2.9 150
3.0
65 550 3,500 70 ≥ 18
Premenopausal
Postmenopausal
16
(d)
11
≥ 18 1.3 300 ≥ 18 300
7.5
≥ 25
950
600
9.3
900
11.0
1,200
12.7
Pregnancy
18–24
1000
2.9 200
3.0 65
550 3,500 70
16
(
d
)
1.5 300
+1.6
(
e
)
≥ 25
950
Lactation
18–24
1000
2.9 200
3.0 65
550 4,000 85
16
(
d
)
1.5 300
+2.9
(
e
)
≥ 25
950
d, day; LPI, level of phytate intake; mo, months
PRIs are presented in bold type and AIs in ordinary type
(a)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
(b)
In view of the wide range of manganese intakes that appear to be adequate, a range is set for the AI of this age group
(c)
The fractional absorption of zinc considered in setting PRIs for children was based on data from mixed diets expected to contain variable quantities of phytate; therefore, no adjustment for
phytate intake has been made
5
For chromium, setting an AI or a PRI was considered not appropriate
6
The evaluation for sodium and chloride is ongoing
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
9
(d)
The PRI covers the requirement of approximately 95 % of premenopausal women
(e)
In addition to the PRIs for non-pregnant, non-lactating women
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
10
Table 8: Average Requirements (ARs) for vitamins - MALES
Age group (years)
Folate (μg DFE/d)
(a)
Niacin (mg NE/MJ)
(b)
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Thiamin (mg/MJ)
Vitamin A (μg RE/d)
(c)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Vitamin C (mg/d)
7–11 mo
-
1.3
-
0.072 190
-
-
1–3
90 1.3 0.5 0.072 205 0.5 15
4–6
110 1.3 0.6 0.072 245 0.6 25
7–10
160 1.3 0.8 0.072 320 0.9 40
11–14
210 1.3 1.1 0.072 480 1.2 60
15–17
250 1.3 1.4 0.072 580 1.5 85
≥ 18
250 1.3 1.3 0.072 570 1.5 90
d, day; mo, months
(a)
DFE: dietary folate equivalents. For combined intakes of food folate and folic acid, DFEs can be computed as follows: µg DFE = µg food folate + (1.7 x µg folic acid)
(b)
NE: niacin equivalent (1 mg niacin = 1 niacin equivalent = 60 mg dietary tryptophan)
(c)
RE: retinol equivalent, 1 μg RE equals 1 μg of retinol, 6 μg of β-carotene and 12 μg of other provitamin A carotenoids
(d)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
11
Table 9: Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for vitamins - MALES
Age group (years)
α-Tocopherol (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Biotin (μg/d)
Choline (mg/d)
Cobalamin (μg/d)
Folate (μg DFE/d)
(a)
Niacin (mg NE/MJ)
(b)
Pantothenic acid (mg/d)
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Thiamin (mg/MJ)
Vitamin A (μg RE/d)
(c)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (μg/d)
Vitamin K (μg/d)
(f)
7–11 mo
5 7–11 mo
6 160 1.5 80
1.6
3 0.4
0.1 250
0.3
20
10 10
1–2 6 1–3 20 140 1.5
120 1.6
4
0.6 0.1 250 0.6 20
15
(
e
)
12
3–9 9 4–6 25 170 1.5
140 1.6
4
0.7 0.1 300 0.7 30
15
(
e
)
20
7–10 25 250 2.5
200 1.6
4
1.0 0.1 400 1.0 45
15
(
e
)
30
10–17 13 11–14 35 340 3.5
270 1.6
5
1.4 0.1 600 1.4 70
15
(
e
)
45
15–17 35 400 4.0
330 1.6
5
1.6 0.1 750 1.7 100
15
(
e
)
65
≥ 18 13 ≥ 18 40 400 4.0
330 1.6
5
1.6 0.1 750 1.7 110
15
(
e
)
70
d, day; mo, months
PRIs are presented in bold type and AIs in ordinary type
(a)
DFE: dietary folate equivalents. For combined intakes of food folate and folic acid, DFEs can be computed as follows: µg DFE = µg food folate + (1.7 x µg folic acid)
(b)
NE: niacin equivalent (1 mg niacin = 1 niacin equivalent = 60 mg dietary tryptophan)
(c)
RE: retinol equivalent, 1 μg RE equals 1 μg of retinol, 6 μg of β-carotene and 12 μg of other provitamin A carotenoids
(d)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
(e)
Under conditions of assumed minimal cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. In the presence of endogenous cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, the requirement for dietary vitamin D is lower or may be
even zero
(f)
based on phylloquinone only
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
12
Table 10: Average Requirements (ARs) for vitamins – FEMALES
Age group (years)
Folate (μg DFE/d)
(a)
Niacin (mg NE/MJ)
(b)
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Thiamin (mg/MJ)
Vitamin A (μg RE/d)
(c)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Vitamin C (mg/d)
7–11 mo
(d
)
-
1.3 - 0.072 190
-
-
1–3
90 1.3 0.5 0.072 205 0.5 15
4–6
110 1.3 0.6 0.072 245 0.6 25
7–10
160 1.3 0.8 0.072 320 0.9 40
11–14
210 1.3 1.1 0.072 480 1.2 60
15–17
250 1.3 1.4 0.072 490 1.3 75
≥ 18
250 1.3 1.3 0.072 490 1.3 80
Pregnancy
-
1.3 1.5 0.072 540 1.5 -
Lactation
380 1.3 1.7 0.072 1,020 1.4 145
d, day; mo, months
(a)
DFE: dietary folate equivalents. For combined intakes of food folate and folic acid, DFEs can be computed as follows: µg DFE = µg food folate + (1.7 x µg folic acid)
(b)
NE: niacin equivalent (1 mg niacin = 1 niacin equivalent = 60 mg dietary tryptophan)
(c)
RE: retinol equivalent, 1 μg RE equals 1 μg of retinol, 6 μg of β-carotene and 12 μg of other provitamin A carotenoids
(d)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
13
Table 11: Population Reference Intakes (PRIs) and Adequate Intakes (AIs) for vitamins – FEMALES
Age group (years)
α-Tocopherol (mg/d)
Age group (years)
Biotin (μg/d)
Choline (mg/d)
Cobalamin (μg/d)
Folate (μg DFE/d)
(a)
Niacin (mg NE/MJ)
(b)
Pantothenic acid (mg/d)
Riboflavin (mg/d)
Thiamin (mg/MJ)
Vitamin A (μg RE/d)
(c)
Vitamin B6 (mg/d)
Vitamin C (mg/d)
Vitamin D (μg/d)
Vitamin K (μg/d)
(f)
7–11 mo
(d
)
5
7–11 mo
(d
)
6 160
1.5
80
1.6
3 0.4
0.1 250
0.3
20
10 10
1–2 6 1–3 20 140
1.5
120 1.6
4
0.6 0.1 250 0.6 20
15
(
e
)
12
3–9 9 4–6 25 170
1.5
140 1.6
4
0.7 0.1 300 0.7 30
15
(
e
)
20
7–10 25 250
2.5
200 1.6
4
1.0 0.1 400 1.0 45
15
(
e
)
30
10–17 11 11–14 35 340
3.5
270 1.6
5
1.4 0.1 600 1.4 70
15
(
e
)
45
15–17 35 400
4.0
330 1.6
5
1.6 0.1 650 1.6 90
15
(
e
)
65
≥ 18 11 ≥ 18 40 400
4.0
330 1.6
5
1.6 0.1 650 1.6 95
15
(
e
)
70
Pregnancy
11 40 480
4.5
600
1.6
5
1.9 0.1 700 1.8 105
15
(
e
)
70
Lactation
11 45 520
5.0
500 1.6
7
2.0 0.1 1,300 1.7 155
15
(
e
)
70
d, day; mo, months
PRIs are presented in bold type and AIs in ordinary type
(a)
DFE: dietary folate equivalents. For combined intakes of food folate and folic acid, DFEs can be computed as follows: µg DFE = µg food folate + (1.7 x µg folic acid)
(b)
NE: niacin equivalent (1 mg niacin = 1 niacin equivalent = 60 mg dietary tryptophan)
(c)
RE: retinol equivalent, 1 μg RE equals 1 μg of retinol, 6 μg of β-carotene and 12 μg of other provitamin A carotenoids
(d)
i.e. the second half of the first year of life (from the beginning of the 7
th
month to the 1
st
birthday)
(e)
Under conditions of assumed minimal cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. In the presence of endogenous cutaneous vitamin D synthesis, the requirement for dietary vitamin D is lower or may be
even zero
(f)
based on phylloquinone only
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
14
Table 12: Links to Scientific Opinions on dietary reference values
General principles Energy, macronutrients and water
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1458 Energy: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3005
Fats: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1461
Carbohydrates and dietary fibre:
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1462
Protein: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2557
Water: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1458
Vitamins Minerals
Alpha-tocopherol: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4149.htm
Choline: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4484.htm
Cobalamin: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4150.htm
Biotin: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3580.htm
Folate: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3893.htm
Niacin: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3759.htm
Pantothenic acid: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3581.htm
Thiamin: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4653.htm
Riboflavin: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4919
Vitamin A: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4028.htm
Vitamin B6: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4485.htm
Vitamin C: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3418.htm
Vitamin D: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4547.htm
Vitamin K: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4780.htm
Calcium: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4101.htm
Chromium: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3845.htm
Copper: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4253
Fluoride: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3332.htm
Iodine: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3660.htm
Iron: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/efsajournal/pub/4254
Magnesium: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/it/efsajournal/pub/4186.htm
Manganese: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3419.htm
Molybdenum: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3333.htm
Phosphorus: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4185.htm
Potassium: https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/4592.htm
Selenium: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3846.htm
Zinc: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3844.htm
Summary of Dietary Reference Values
15
References
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA), 2010. Scientific Opinion on principles for deriving and applying Dietary Reference Values.
EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3):1458, 30 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1458
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for energy. EFSA
Journal 2013;11(1):3005, 112 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3005
SCF (Scientific Committee for Food), 1993. Nutrient and energy intakes for the European Community. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, 31st
Series. Food - Science and Technique, European Commission, Luxembourg, 248 pp.