UEB, Australian Training Manual

Unified English Braille:

Australian

Training Manual

Revised January 2022

edited by

Josie Howse, Kathy Riessen

and Leona Holloway

Round Table on Information

Access for People with

Print Disabilities Inc.

Australian Braille

Authority

Unified English Braille: Australian Training Manual

Edited by:

Josie Howse: Consultant: vision impairment

Kathy Riessen: ABA Executive, ICEB Code Maintenance Officer

Leona Holloway: Monash University

Disabilities Inc.

Revised April 2014

Revised September 2016

Revised January 2022

Based on

Unified English Braille Primer, Australian Braille Authority,

2006

(Updated 2008).

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-

NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this

licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ or send a

letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco,

California 94105, USA.

Published by Round Table on Information Access for People with Print

Disabilities Inc.

13 Myee Crescent,

Baulkham Hills, NSW 2153

Australia

Email: [email protected]

Web address: http://www.printdisability.org

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry

Title: Unified English Braille: Australian Training Manual / Round Table on

Information Access for People with Print Disabilities Inc.

ISBN: 978-0-9807064-5-1 (paperback)

Subjects: Braille – Australia. Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Blind – Printing and writing systems.

Dewey Number: 411

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements ........................................................................... 7

Foreword ........................................................................................... 8

Introductory Remarks ..................................................................... 10

Braille .............................................................................................. 10

Unified English Braille (UEB) .............................................................. 10

References ....................................................................................... 11

Definitions ........................................................................................ 11

About this Manual ............................................................................. 11

Completing the Exercises .................................................................. 12

Layout of Practice Exercises .............................................................. 13

General Advice ................................................................................. 14

Letters of the Alphabet

Numerals, Alphabetic Wordsigns

Lesson 1. Letters a–j, Numerals, Capital Indicator, Full Stop.......... 15

Lesson 2. Letters k–t, Comma ......................................................... 18

Lesson 3. Letters u–z ....................................................................... 20

Lesson 4. Alphabetic Wordsigns ...................................................... 23

Strong Contractions, and, for, of, the, with

Lesson 5. Strong Wordsigns, and, for, of, the, with, Semicolon ...... 26

Lesson 6. Strong Groupsigns, and, for, of, the, with, Exclamation

Mark, Question Mark ....................................................... 29

Strong Groupsigns and Wordsigns

Lesson 7. ch, gh, sh, th, wh, Wordsigns, Apostrophe ...................... 32

Lesson 8. ed, er, ou, ow, Wordsign, Colon, Quotation Marks .......... 37

Lesson 9. st, ar, ing, Wordsign, Hyphen, Compound Words ............ 42

Lower Contractions

Lower Groupsigns

Lesson 10. be, con, dis, Dash, Shortforms ....................................... 47

Lesson 11. ea, bb, cc, ff, gg, Round Bracket or Parentheses ........... 52

Lesson 12. en, in, Lower Sign Rule .................................................. 56

Lower Wordsigns

Lesson 13. Lower Wordsigns, Shortforms ....................................... 60

Lower Wordsigns: be, his, was, were ................................................. 60

Wordsigns: enough, in, Shortforms .................................................... 62

Lesson 14. Summary of Lower Signs, Shortforms ........................... 68

Two-cell Contractions

Initial-letter Contractions with Dot 5

Lesson 15. Dot 5 and D–M, Shortforms ........................................... 74

Lesson 16. Dot 5 and N–U, Shortforms ............................................ 81

Lesson 17. Initial-letter Contractions with Dot 5, Shortforms ........ 89

Initial-letter Contractions with Dots 4 5

Lesson 18. upon, word, these, those, whose ................................... 95

Initial-letter Contractions with Dots 4 5 6

Lesson 19. cannot, had, many, spirit, world, their .......................... 97

Final-letter Groupsigns

Lesson 20. ance, ence, sion, tion, less, ness .................................. 102

Lesson 21. ound, ong, ount, ment ................................................. 106

Lesson 22. ful, ity........................................................................... 108

New Arrangement of Exercises ..................................................... 110

Lesson 23. More Punctuation ........................................................ 112

Dash and Long Dash ....................................................................... 112

Quotation Marks ............................................................................. 114

Ellipsis ............................................................................................ 115

Square Brackets.............................................................................. 116

Braces or Curly Brackets ................................................................. 116

Transcriber's Note Indicators ........................................................... 116

Summary of the Rules of Punctuation .............................................. 117

Lesson 24. Numbers and Print Symbols ........................................ 121

Fractions ........................................................................................ 125

Dates and Time .............................................................................. 127

Mathematical Signs ......................................................................... 128

Print Symbols ................................................................................. 130

Electronic Addresses ....................................................................... 133

Braille Mode Indicators

Order of Braille Indicators and Other Signs .................................. 136

Lesson 25. Capitalisation and Grade 1 Mode ................................. 137

Capitals Mode Indicators ................................................................. 137

Grade 1 Mode Indicators ................................................................. 138

Lesson 26. Typeform Indicators .................................................... 146

Lesson 27. Use of Capitals Indicators ............................................ 152

Lesson 28. Proper Names and Abbreviations ................................ 157

Proper Names and Places ................................................................ 157

Print Abbreviations .......................................................................... 159

Lesson 29. Unit Abbreviations ....................................................... 163

Lesson 30. Accented Letters and Foreign Words ........................... 169

Lesson 31. Formatting ................................................................... 174

Additional Symbols ........................................................................ 193

Braille Reference

General Rules for the Use of Contractions ..................................... 195

Word Division ................................................................................ 200

Contractions in Word Division ....................................................... 201

Wordsigns and Shortforms ............................................................ 205

Lower Sign Rule ............................................................................. 206

Braille Tables ................................................................................. 207

Alphabetic Contractions ................................................................... 207

Strong Contractions ........................................................................ 208

Strong Groupsigns/Wordsigns .......................................................... 208

Lower Contractions ......................................................................... 209

Prefixes .......................................................................................... 209

Shortforms ..................................................................................... 210

Shortform Extension List ............................................................... 211

Glossary of Braille Signs ................................................................ 221

Index ............................................................................................. 228

Revised January 2022 - 7 - UEB Training Manual

Acknowledgements

I wish to express my sincere thanks and appreciation for the collegial

input from Kathy Riessen from the South Australian School for Vision

Impaired and Leona Holloway from Vision Australia in the finalisation of the

Unified English Braille: Australian Training Manual

2013.

I would further like to extend my thanks and appreciation to Colleen

Flood from Vision Australia for her analytical and prescriptive proofreading

comments, which have been gratefully received by the editorial team.

As a small and dedicated team, we have tackled this major piece of work

with rigour and commitment and examined and compared every element of

the relevant documents, encompassing content, presentation and

functionality. It has been a rewarding experience working with colleagues

who are both knowledgeable and skilled in the Unified English Braille code.

Kathy's expertise in “volunteering” to manage the file and relevant

input/output has been unsurpassed and without such energy and dedication

it is unlikely that we would be in a position to publish at this time.

I would like to extend my gratitude to the relevant organisations, NSW

Department of Education and Communities, the South Australian School for

Vision Impaired and Vision Australia for enabling their staff the time to

commit to the finalisation of the project.

Finally I would also like to extend my thanks to the Australian Braille

Authority (ABA) and the Round Table on Information Access for People with a

Print Disability Inc. for their support and financial assistance with the

teleconferences held by the editorial team, essential in ensuring the project

remained on target.

I am convinced that as a result of the publication of the

Unified English

Braille: Australian Training Manual

2013, Australia has a rich and exciting

professional learning tool that should enhance the knowledge and skills for

new and established learners to braille.

Josie Howse

Editor

May 2013

Revised January 2022 - 8 - UEB Training Manual

Foreword

Unified English Braille:

Australian Training Manual

Unified English Braille (UEB) was adopted for use by the Australian

Braille Authority (ABA) in May 2005; with an envisaged five year transition

period. Since 2010, it has been Australia's only braille code in use.

Following the adoption of UEB, our major braille producers commenced

implementing the code almost immediately and an urgent need for teaching

materials in the new, but still developing, braille code was created. Thus, the

Unified English Braille Primer: Australian Edition

followed shortly afterwards,

with the Preliminary Edition in 2006 and an update in 2008.

As time passed, the UEB code has been refined and the UEB rules are

now articulated in

The Rules of Unified English Braille: Second Edition

2013

(“The Rulebook” as it is commonly known).

Some Rulebook language was different! New terminology was now in

use! It became apparent that the recently released Braille Primer (Australian

Edition) in its current form was no longer the best way of meeting the needs

of braille learners.

Therefore, following release and careful study of this new Rulebook

publication, what had started as a further update of the

Unified English

Braille Primer: Australian Edition

, has now resulted in a completely new

document – the

Unified English Braille: Australian Training Manual

Those familiar with the

RNIB Braille Primer

and the

Unified English

Braille Primer: Australian Edition

will recognise the lesson structure and

exercises from these. However, it became apparent that it was necessary to

rewrite the lesson content in accordance with

The Rules of Unified English

Braille: Second Edition

2013.

Two main concepts which required a considerable rewrite were the rules

for Lower Signs and Shortforms. The later lessons needed considerable

alteration to both the order in which concepts are introduced, as well as the

content.

Revised January 2022 - 9 - UEB Training Manual

A new lesson on the basics of formatting according to the Australian

Braille Authority's formatting guidelines has also been included with the

addition of some longer passages which may be used as final test pieces.

Changes to the choices of font and layout have also been made. These

are deliberate, as they better meet clear print requirements.

Josie Howse manages Australia's largest education related braille

production unit and she had the lead role in introducing UEB into Australia's

education system. As Editor of the now very popular and sought after

Unified

English Braille Primer: Australian Edition

, the Australian Braille Authority

invited Josie to consider undertaking yet another update of the publication.

Such updating has been a most time-consuming project, one which has

taken many months and extreme attention to detail. Great care was required

to ensure that even the smallest of changes to our braille code has been

captured and documented within this new publication.

In the latter stages of the editing process, Josie was joined by Kathy

Riessen and Leona Holloway. Both Kathy and Leona brought detailed UEB

knowledge, experience and skills of their own, further enhancing the content

and presentation of this training manual.

Release of the

Unified English Braille: Australian Training Manual

is the

culmination of much hard work contributed by Josie, Kathy and Leona. They

are without a doubt three of Australia's most UEB informed and experienced

code experts and with great pleasure, I share their deliberations with you.

Christine Simpson

Chair – Australian Braille Authority

May 2013

Revised January 2022 - 10 - UEB Training Manual

Introductory Remarks

Braille

Braille is a systematic arrangement of raised dots. Each unit, known as a

braille cell, consists of six dots arranged in two columns and numbered from

1 to 6, as shown.



Braille is written using a handframe and stylus, a braille writing machine,

such as a Perkins Brailler, or an embosser connected to a computer.

Most signs, for example the signs for alphabetic letters, occupy one cell.

Some signs can occupy two and occasionally three cells.

A single blank space is left between words and between the end of one

sentence and the beginning of the next.

Unified English Braille (UEB)

The code for Unified English Braille (UEB) was developed by the

International Council on English Braille to harmonise braille across codes and

between English-speaking countries. UEB can be used for all documents

regardless of whether their content is literary or technical. Australia was one

of the first countries to adopt UEB in 2005, replacing a hybrid of codes with a

single code, UEB.

Revised January 2022 - 11 - UEB Training Manual

References

The information in this Manual is based on two main references:

The Rules of Unified English Braille: Second Edition

2013, and related

updates, which are available for download from http://www.iceb.org.

Australian Braille Authority Rules and Guidelines for Formatting Braille

, 2016.

These references should be considered the primary authority on UEB and

formatting in Australia and have priority over this Manual where any

differences arise.

Definitions

Contraction: The generic term for a braille sign that represents a group of

letters or a whole word. Contractions can occupy one or more

cells.

Groupsign: A contraction that represents a group of letters within a

word.

Wordsign: A contraction that represents a whole word.

Shortform: A contraction where a word has been specially abbreviated in

braille.

Upper sign: A sign that contains a dot 1 or a dot 4.

Lower sign: A sign that contains neither dot 1 nor 4.

Strong sign: A sign that has dots in the top AND bottom rows, PLUS dots

in the left AND right sides of the cell.

About this Manual

This Manual introduces the rules of UEB using a systematic approach.

Each lesson is accompanied with Practice exercises. The Manual covers all

the contractions and symbols that appear in a literary context and gives an

introduction to braille formatting. A reference section at the end gives a

summary of all the UEB contractions and major rules.

Revised January 2022 - 12 - UEB Training Manual

• As each new sign is introduced, it is shown using a simulated braille font.

The dot numbers of the cell or cells of the sign are also given, using

1 2 3 and 4 5 6, to denote the left and right sides of the cell,

respectively.

• NOTES usually refer to the example immediately above. These notes

give additional information or explanations of how rules are applied.

• Underline is used in the examples to indicate whole words or sequences

of letters that are brailled using wordsigns or groupsigns. There is a

break in the underline to separate consecutive groupsigns.

Completing the Exercises

ONLY BRAILLE THE WORDS FOUND IN EACH EXERCISE. The words

have been carefully chosen to ensure that they can be correctly brailled

according to the rules already learnt. A word already learnt may be different

in a different context, for example, “like”, “likes” and “liked”.

• Each exercise should be completed using a manual method, such as a

Perkins Brailler, as this will encourage precision and concentration.

Electronic or computerised 6-key entry, such as using a Mountbatten

brailler or Perky Duck software, may be considered if a Perkins Brailler

cannot be obtained.

• NextSense offers an online course at uebonline.org which follows the

same structure and exercises in this manual. This course may be used in

conjunction with this manual and it is recommended that each exercise is

also completed manually to consolidate the lessons learnt.

• Keep a copy of this manual and add your own notes. This allows quick

reference and revision of the rules.

• Read the information for each lesson carefully and then braille the

exercises, following the layout described below.

• Proofread each exercise carefully and correct ALL errors, even if this

means redoing the whole exercise. This is important in developing

accuracy and consolidating knowledge. Aim for zero errors.

• Regularly submit exercises for marking to a tutor skilled in braille to ensure

prompt feedback on errors before proceeding further.

• After marking, redo exercises with errors and resubmit.

Revised January 2022 - 13 - UEB Training Manual

Layout of Practice Exercises

All the exercises in this Manual are designed to be produced on a

standard Perkins Brailler. Use regular sized (11½ by 11 inch) braille paper in

landscape profile. Each page can hold 25 lines of braille, each line being 42

cells wide. The lines are numbered 1 to 25 and the cells 1 to 42.

Each line of Practice exercises 1-22 is exactly 40 cells wide if transcribed

correctly. The Extra Practice exercises, provided for additional practice, are of

varying line lengths.

• The navigation line is the first line of each braille page. It is referred to as

line 1 on the page.

• The print page number is positioned on the far left of the navigation line.

Use the print page number shown at the bottom of the relevant page in

this Manual.

• The braille page number is positioned on the far right of the navigation

line. Treat each exercise as a new document, beginning at braille page 1.

• Centre your name on the navigation line for Practice exercises 1-22. Check

with your tutor how your name is brailled using the correct contractions.

• Centre the name and number of the exercise as a major heading on the

next line.

• Begin transcription of the exercise in cell 1 of the next line (line 3).

Example:

This example shows the beginning of the exercise Practice 1 for Jane

Smith.

#g ,jane ,smi? #a

,practice #a

abide acid adage bad beef bide cadge cab

Revised January 2022 - 14 - UEB Training Manual

How to Centre on a Perkins Brailler

Count the number of cells to be brailled in the word or words to be

centred, taking into account any capitals, contractions and spaces.

Method 1

• Move the embossing head of the brailler to the centre of the line. This

position may be marked with tape or a felt-tip pen for future reference.

Move to the centre by pressing the spacebar 21 times from the left

margin, as a line is 42 cells across.

• Divide the number of cells to be centred by two. Round the number up if

necessary.

• Backspace this number of cells and begin brailling.

Method 2

• Subtract the number of cells to be centred from 42 (the maximum number

of cells) and divide by two, rounding down if odd.

• Start at the left margin and press the spacebar the calculated number of

times and begin brailling.

General Advice

• A sighted person reads braille by sight rather than by touch. However,

good braille feels right rather than looks right. There are two essentials:

STRONG dots and ACCURATE dots, with no erasures. Your work may be

marked incorrect if it cannot be "felt" correct, even if it "looks" correct.

• Establish the habit of always using the spacebar immediately after brailling

a word or punctuation. Consider the space an extension of the word to

avoid inadvertently joining two words together.

• Keep your eyes on the print copy and not on your fingers.

• Position the print copy so it can be read without strain. Mark the line you

are brailling in such a way as to ensure that you do not miss a line or lose

your place.

• Ensure the completed work for marking is well protected so the dots are

not flattened in transit.

Revised January 2022 - 15 - UEB Training Manual

LESSONS 1–4

Letters of the Alphabet, Numerals,

Alphabetic Wordsigns

LESSON 1

Letters a–j, Numerals

A B C D E F G H I J

a dot 1 b b dots 1 2

c dots 1 and 4 d d dots 1 and 4 5

e dots 1 and 5 f f dots 1 2 and 4

g dots 1 2 and 4 5 h h dots 1 2 and 5

i dots 2 and 4 j j dots 2 and 4 5

Capital Letter Indicator

Capital letter indicator , dot 6

A capital letter is preceded immediately by a capital letter indicator.

Examples:

Dad ,dad

Big Cage

,big ,cage

Revised January 2022 - 16 - UEB Training Manual

Full Stop

Full stop (.) 4 dots 2 and 5 6 (lower d).

NOTE: Braille signs positioned in the lower part of the cell with the same

dot pattern as a letter are often referred to as a lower letter.

A full stop immediately follows a word. One space only is left between

the full stop and the beginning of the next sentence.

Numerals

Numeric prefix # dots 3 and 4 5 6

Numerals (1-9 and 0) are represented in braille by the numeric prefix

followed by the letters a–i and j.

Examples:

1 #a 10 #aj 206 #bjf

Revised January 2022 - 17 - UEB Training Manual

Transcribe Practice 1 below, referring to the instructions on page 13.

One space is left between each word, or between each sentence following a

full stop. When brailled correctly, each line of this exercise is exactly 40 cells

wide. The line lengths of the Extra Practice exercises vary.

Practice 1

abide acid adage bad beef bide cadge cab

cage decide deface die egg fade fife fee

fig gab gibe hide idea ice jade jig jag.

I hid a badge. I add. I beg Dad dig.

A big gaff. I bid Dad hide. Bad ice.

I deface a big badge. Haji did decide.

He hid a dice face. Dad did beg a cab.

He did decide. He did a jig. Bad bid.

If Di did cadge beef. A big bad idea.

Extra Practice 1

acid acacia beige bid cicada cab

deface dice egad ebb fee fief gibe

gaff hie hag ice idea jibe jig jag

fade egg Ida ace bid face age bee.

He hid. Ada did cadge big beef. Big

gage. A bad idea. A big gaff. I gag

a hag. I hide ice. I add. I hide a

bad face. A bad adage. He bade Ida

abide. Cadge a fig. I deface a jade

cab. Add a decade. Dad did hide a

bag. A beige badge. I bid Ada

decide. Cage a cicada.

Revised January 2022 - 18 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 2

Letters k–t

These ten letters are formed by adding dot 3 to the letters a-j.

A B C D E F G H I J

K L M N O P Q R S T

k dots 1 3 l l dots 1 2 3

m dots 1 3 and 4 n n dots 1 3 and 4 5

o o dots 1 3 and 5 p p dots 1 2 3 and 4

q dots 1 2 3 and 4 5 r r dots 1 2 3 and 5

s dots 2 3 and 4 t t dots 2 3 and 4 5

Comma

Comma (,) 1 dot 2 (middle a).

Transcribe Practice 2, as for Practice 1.

Revised January 2022 - 19 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 2

kettle kill kilt kiss knock knot kit kid

lock lodge look loop loose loss lots lob

miss mask mate mock moan magpie mess mid

moon moor mortal moss motor mop moat mob

nod notes neglect nettles nitra neck nit

objects oats oranges orphan omit old oil

poor prisons proposes pockets police pip

room report receipt rector rocks rod ram

snort socks solemn sort sport second sag

tool tomato topple total traitor top tie

Jim has apples, oranges, bananas, figs.

At bottom Hank feels he has no object.

An old plate glass mirror hangs on to a

cornice at home. An Empire design gilt

clock on a gold bracket Jo is afraid is

too ornate. Toni has an Italian title.

Hal describes gas attacks on a Belgian

battlefield. Come to see an old bridge.

Extra Practice 2

kneel kimono kaleidoscope kidnap

llama lair lattice legislates lop

manor melon massacre mimic mobile

noon noise notice necklace nip nod

opposite okra oak obligate omega

package possessor phantom padlock

rattlesnake rascal rapport ridge

simile spoon scissors solicit slit

tragic trio tangle trap transcript

Transit camp, top hole, get tools.

Jodie has an ornate gold bracelet.

Mike took a big package home. I lose

big metal spoons. Take note. Philip

looks at a tragic orphan.

Revised January 2022 - 20 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 3

Letters u v x y z and w

u, v, x, y and z are formed by adding dot 6 to the letters k–o.

K L M N O

U V X Y Z

w W is out of place because braille is of French origin and there is

no letter w in the basic French alphabet.

u dots 1 3 and 6 v v dots 1 2 3 and 6

w dots 2 and 4 5 6 x x dots 1 3 and 4 6

y y dots 1 3 and 4 5 6 z z dots 1 3 and 5 6

Revised January 2022 - 21 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 3

quake qualify quiet quit quote quilt quo

undo union unite unpack up upset use ups

values van velvet vexes vice victory vie

view village virtue visit voice vote vs.

wait wake walk walls wants wave ways wax

weeps well wits wide wild wise wives wet

woman wood wool worry wrap writes wildly

yawn yes yet yield yoke zigzag razor zoo

lovely valley lazy pretty ugly yells yak

widely loosely poorly fairly wisely sly.

I may visit my nephew on my way home to

Sydney if I return soon. Victor walks

five miles or a mile, if he is too lazy.

Uncle gave me a safety razor. Di wants

two velvet dresses. William has sold an

ornate bronze vase. We saw a weird play

two weeks ago at Drury Lane. I made a

Victory sign on my return. I dote on a

wide view. Mummy says come home by six.

Revised January 2022 - 22 - UEB Training Manual

Extra Practice 3

Tom executes quixotic exploits. A

robot has brass knuckles. Janet uses

dull adjectives yet has a wry wit.

Quizzes puzzle me. Icicles drip, a

brook murmurs, fireflies flit.

Philip buys an attractive grey tie.

Julia rides a fidgety black filly.

Paul plays jazz tunes, yet at

Yuletide he plays jubilant

hallelujahs. Kate bridles a beige

pony. Olivia picks a pretty rosebud.

Luke prays daily. An orange poodle

is a weird spectacle. Patricia

cracks a rude joke. James draws

vivid pictures. Lovely blue velvet

is unbelievably nice. Lucy uses six

textbooks at college. Two angry

gangs queue up. A mad man eats only

black olives or raw onions. He hugs

a gigantic gorilla, he builds a

wigwam, he hums a lovely lullaby,

yet he has wise philosophy.

Revised January 2022 - 23 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 4

Letters as Alphabetic Wordsigns

Letters of the alphabet are used in braille to represent whole words

where they are standing alone and NOT part of a longer word. Usually it is

the first letter of the word that is used. Single letters used in this way to

represent words are called alphabetic wordsigns.

but

can

every

from

have

just

knowledge

not

people

quite

rather

that

very

will

you

Using Wordsigns

The use of wordsigns is governed by the Standing Alone Rule which is

one of the most important rules in UEB. The complete rule can be found in

The Rules of Unified English Braille: Second Edition

2013. Aspects of this rule

will be expanded as each relevant concept is introduced.

Key concepts:

• A wordsign may not be used as part of a longer word.

• Wordsigns may be used with punctuation.

Revised January 2022 - 24 - UEB Training Manual

Examples:

I quite like. ,I q l4

Go away Will ,g away ,w

NOTE: The capital letter indicator before a wordsign, or any other

contraction, means that the first letter of the contraction is capitalised.

But:

He likes ,He likes

No buts

,No buts

William ,William

Practice 4

I can write. I do like every pocket that will hold quite a

lot, that is a luxury. Do go away. He will not do

it yet or on impulses but only as I may see

fit or as he may deem wise. It is as you all

say, more like two miles from my cave. You can truly

have as exquisite a dress as you like, Mike will buy

it gladly so that you may put it on at will. Hiram

says that he will expressly write legibly next

week, but I am rather afraid he is just too lazy.

People like me, do not so easily assume that a man can quite

surely acquire knowledge on all subjects. You may

see that it is very likely that battles on a broad

front will take place soon. I am quite sure he

will pass if he likes, but not quite as well, he has

told us, as he knew that John did five weeks

ago. Give us a very nice pork pie. Go away.

If I am very hot from races or games I like to

eat every juicy orange, as it makes me quite cool.

Revised January 2022 - 25 - UEB Training Manual

Extra Practice 4

You may eat ravioli if you desire, but you will

not like it. Every boy can play football if he

tries. Do not set that empty can on my

bookcase. Do not go away from home just yet.

I have as big a muscle as you have. He is a just

man, but not very humane. My knowledge on that subject

is rather vague. People will visit us next week.

He is not quite as brilliant as my uncle. So

few people like that petty politician that he will

surely lose. A milk can blocks every exit.

If you make a will, I hope that you will not give

John that cosy cottage on Willmot Road.

He snubs me, but I will not do likewise, as I

feel no ill will. He has wide knowledge, but he

does not use it. All I can say is you will have

fun if you go. That box is very ornate but quite

attractive. He rather likes people, but I do not.

Revised January 2022 - 26 - UEB Training Manual

LESSONS 5–6

Strong Contractions:

and for of the with

These five contractions are considered “strong” as they have dots in the

top AND bottom rows, PLUS dots in the left AND right sides of the cell.

These are the only five strong contractions where the wordsigns and

groupsigns represent the same letters. They have preference in most

circumstances, unless fewer cells can be used.

LESSON 5

Strong Wordsigns:

and for of the with

The following strong wordsigns express these five very common words.

and

for

the

with

(

)

and

& dots 1 2 3 and 4 6

for = dots 1 2 3 and 4 5 6 (all six)

of ( dots 1 2 3 and 5 6

the ! dots 2 3 and 4 6

with ) dots 2 3 and 4 5 6

Revised January 2022 - 27 - UEB Training Manual

Examples:

With the knowledge of the people and for the ...

,) ! K ( ! P & = ! 444

He came and, with the help ...

,he came &1 ) ! help 444

Semicolon

Semicolon (;) 2 dots 2 3 (lower b)

Practice 5

I am fond of a cup of tea with a bun; and, with the

bun you can give me two pieces of cake. Busy

as usual, I see, with the pots and the pans; and if

I may add, with the spoons and knives and the bold

bronzes on the mantelpiece and the walls; for if

you see a very pretty bit of brass for sale, you go

and buy it and hang it up for the joy that it will give and

the rapture it evokes. At home he has wood

boxes and baskets full of all sorts of fruit

as for example oranges and lemons and bananas and

apples and plums and figs, and nuts of the sort that

you like, as well as lots of the lovely prunes of the

sort I got from abroad a few weeks ago. I

have a lot of worry with the dogs and the horses; and the

pigs and the goats and the cats. He looks up on

all the damage made from the fire with the habitual,

placid calm of a man that feels deeply but will not

let anybody else see it. Eat at the table.

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Extra Practice 5

The man that lives next door took Luke and

me for a ride on the bus. He spoke the

phrase with emphasis. You will soon see the

value of travel abroad. It helps you

relax and it gives you an idea of the way people

live. John told Neil that juicy bit of

gossip, but did not tell Lynn. I will live

with and provide for the old man. I will give the

girl I am fond of a new hat. The tree is

so tall that he can just see the big limb if he

is on the very top of a wide, flat rock.

Talk with us and, if we can, we will help a just

cause of and for the people.

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LESSON 6

Strong Groupsigns:

and for of the with

The five contractions learnt as wordsigns in the last lesson may,

regardless of meaning, be used as groupsigns where they form part of a

longer word. Where there is a choice of contractions, these five contractions

have preference, unless fewer cells can be used.

Examples:

android &roid band B&

demand dem& force =CE

effort ef=t office (Fice

coffee c(fee proof pro(

then !n further fur!r

bathe ba! withdraw )DRAW

Exclamation and Question Marks

Exclamation Mark (!) 6 dots 2 3 and 5 (lower f)

Question Mark (?) 8 dots 2 3 and 6 (lower h)

Exclamation and question marks are written immediately after a word

and are followed by a single space before the next word.

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Practice 6

Did you buy the packet of candles for me to use?

Yes, I have put them on the top of the desk at the

office so that you can use them as you want them; but if you

do not want them all will you hand half of them back to

me as they will prove handy for us at home? I like my

coffee black, but other people do not! I have proof that they

can very well ill afford the loss of forty acres of that

agricultural land just on the other side to the sandy

track that runs off on the left of my grass land.

The gateway is only just on the left hand side of

the cathedral close; and it is so very grand and lofty and

is forty feet or so wide! A panda is very cute.

Can they deploy a big force of cavalry for the new

battle? They say, and others agree with them, that they

can; and that the force that is opposite them will withdraw, and

then abandon the forts. Off with you! And get me a few

spoons and forks! Just make an effort and get off that

soft sand! Demand a big profit on that bit of land?

I forbid it! Go and make toffees for me to eat.

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Extra Practice 6

You will profit from the lecture on mathematical

theory. Grandma and Grandpa have an old sofa.

Does Jack have a brand new Ford? Do not go for the

theatre tickets until I tell you. Do you have

my official code book with the package and the

box all on the platform? Thelma, do not kick

the dog! Take off that silly hat! Did Sandy

have a safe trip? That language is very crude

and likewise profane, and, for a fact, I

hope you will reform. Memorise all the

important formulae! I will have ample funds

for the trip if I withdraw that small sum from my

safety deposit box at the bank. The

Netherlands is a land of dykes and canals. As

the fairy waves the magic wand, the mice

assume the form of horses.

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LESSONS 7–9

Strong Groupsigns and Wordsigns

The strong groupsigns and wordsigns will be introduced in Lessons 7-9.

A groupsign is a contraction representing two or more letters that form part

of a word; a wordsign is a contraction that represents a whole word. These

new contractions are considered to be strong as they have dots in the top

AND bottom rows, PLUS dots in the left AND right sides of the cell.

LESSON 7

Five Strong Groupsigns (with h)

* < % ? :

These five groupsigns are formed by adding dot 6 to the signs for

a, b, c, d and e.

* dots 1 and 6 (a and dot 6)

gh < dots 1 2 and 6 (b and dot 6)

sh % dots 1 and 4 6 (c and dot 6)

th ? dots 1 and 4 5 6 (d and dot 6)

wh : dots 1 and 5 6 (e and dot 6)

These groupsigns may be used in any part of a word for the letters they

represent unless the “h” is clearly aspirated.

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Examples:

chap *AP school s*ool

fetch fet* ghetto <etto

night ni<t high hi<

she %E fishes fi%es

cash ca% thief ?ief

author au?or wrath wra?

whole :Ole awhile a:ile

But:

mishap mishap

Choice of Contractions

the is used in preference to the th groupsign as it uses fewer cells and is

a priority contraction.

Examples:

them !m clothes clo!s

anthem an!m blithely bli!ly

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Strong Wordsigns

ch, sh, th and wh are also used as wordsigns:

ch * child sh % shall

th ? this wh : which

These strong wordsigns follow the same rules of use as the alphabetic

wordsigns introduced in Lesson 4.

Examples:

He is like a child. ,HE IS L A *4

But:

He is childlike. ,HE IS *ILDLIKE4

Apostrophe

Apostrophe (') ' dot 3

The apostrophe is used as in print.

Examples:

The cat's tail ,! CAT'S TAIL

Don't ,DON'T

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An alphabetic or strong wordsign may be used with an apostrophe where

followed by the letters d, ll, re, s, t, ve.

Examples:

The child's doll ,! *'s DOLL

it'll x'll

can't C'T

A wordsign should not be used where it follows an apostrophe in the

middle of a word. For example, in d'you, the wordsign you is not used.

Using Wordsigns

The key concepts are now:

• A wordsign may not be used as part of a longer word.

• Alphabetic and strong wordsigns may be used where followed by 'd, 'll, 're,

's, 't or 've.

• Wordsigns may be used with punctuation.

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Practice 7

church achieve check cheque cheek childhood chop

scheme porch watch coach switches mischief ache

knight fight flight light sight height sigh high

shire push rash brush fresh sham shock shell wash

shoot shame splash short shrill dishes hush shush

third smith three months thirty faith tooth path

thigh forth bath both thank smooth thrash throat myth

whisky what wholesale wheel whirl whim whip wham

Which child is it who is just eight months old? Why, the

truth of it is I am not sure which of them it is. Shall

I see what brand of fish he has caught by hand?

Thanks! And so you might as well ask, what do they

weigh. As this shop's not shut, I'll just go to it and

buy a box of matches for my husband, and just a few

chocolates for Hugh's small child. Oh, why do they

wash all my sheets and white shirts so very badly?

I don't purchase my clothes at a high price

for this, and I can't have it; but I shall just choose to use

another laundry and my oath on it! That's the way.

Extra Practice 7

Thomas's shrill shriek annoys me. The old

man chases the naughty boys away from the

road. Uncle Jonathan has a new shoe

shop. Did Joe Whitney catch any fish? Which

book does the child want? Uncle Josh keeps

this whisky on the top shelf. The child's new

dress is blue. This'll surely meet with my

big brother's approval! I will wash the

floors and polish the furniture while you

play. We wait at the threshold of further

space travel. He is so childish! Both of the

candidates expect victory. Will you publish

the essay which I wrote? That's a very bad idea!

Shall I fetch lunch? It's a shame that we can't

provide this child with a home.

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LESSON 8

Four Strong Groupsigns

Two with e and Two with o

$ ] \ [

These four groupsigns are formed by adding dot 6 to the signs for

f, g, h and i.

$ dots 1 2 and 4 6 (f and dot 6)

] dots 1 2 and 4 5 6 (g and dot 6)

\ dots 1 2 and 5 6 (h and dot 6)

[ dots 2 and 4 6 (i and dot 6)

These signs may be used in any part of a word for the letters they

represent.

Examples:

editor $itor fed F$

weeded we$$ erupt ]upt

clergy cl]gy fighter fi<t]

outer \t] loud L\D

miaou mia\ though ?\<

perilous p]il\s owl [l

drown dr[n row R[

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Choice of Contractions

As stated in Lesson 7, the has preference over th and is used in words

that contain the sequence of letters “thed” and “ther”.

Examples:

cathedral ca!dral

lather la!r

Strong Wordsign: out

ou \ out

This wordsign follows the same rules as the strong wordsigns introduced

in Lesson 7.

Example:

He is out. ,HE IS \4

But:

He is outside. ,HE IS \TSIDE4

Colon

Colon (:) 3 dots 2 and 5 (the middle c).

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Quotation Marks

Opening double quotation marks

8 dots 2 3 and 6 (the lower h)

Closing double quotation marks

dots 3 and 5 6 (the lower j)

Example:

He cried: “I will!”

,HE CRI$3 8,I W60

NOTE: The order of punctuation in the print copy must always be strictly

observed in transcription. Quotation marks should not be separated from the

word/s they enclose even if there is a space in the print.

Revised January 2022 - 40 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 8

red speed talked choked smashed tethered chopped edit

chafed shaded ached bothered whetted agitated led reed

wandered matter murder ordered queer whimper her perch

herded cherished peril berthed merely terse baker mere

scout route Southern mouse fourth curious sour our

mouth flour ploughed hour council touch rough mourners

yellow lower sorrow grower furrow flowered bowl snow

dower dowager downpour shadow towel glow slower clown

“Come and show me the town on the map!” he cried;

“they assured me that the river, which flows outside it,

is crowded with boats, and that scores of people have caught

perch, and trout too.” I laughed. “Of course I

will,” I replied, now so thoroughly amused. “Though

I have serious doubts whether you will catch any number

of trout.” “It's a wicked shame!” he shouted out.

“With her powers as a highbrow performer she might have just

as easily overthrown all her big rivals; and now

they pour scorn onto her, deride her very loudly and

shout her down.” Come with us and have tea on the ship.

Revised January 2022 - 41 - UEB Training Manual

Extra Practice 8

He came from Missouri only two months

ago. Our grandchild loves the out of doors.

Without doubt the British make valiant

allies. He derived a huge profit from the

sale of the house. Our new neighbours have moved

from Exeter. The gale blew all the flower pots

off the front porch. The child's nosebleed

excited all the grown ups. Frederick loathed

the bitter northern climate: that is why he

soon moved south. The seductive perfume of

flowers filled the night air. “Let's see,”

pondered Herbert, “it's four more weeks till

school is out.” Any adverse criticism of

America's foreign policy makes Philip

angry. The town sorely needed civic

progress: for example, a change of

politicians. They wander over the hill. My

old radio has an outside aerial.

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LESSON 9

The Last Three Strong Groupsigns

ing

/ > +

st / dots 3 and 4

ar > dots 3 and 4 5

ing + dots 3 and 4 6

st and ar may be used in any part of a word.

ing may be used anywhere EXCEPT at the beginning of a word.

Examples:

st and /& asters a/]s

quest que/ are >e

quarrel qu>rel angular angul>

winged w+$ singer s+]

bring br+ ring ing R++

Revised January 2022 - 43 - UEB Training Manual

Strong Wordsign: still

st / still

This wordsign follows the same rules as the strong wordsigns introduced

in Lesson 7.

Example:

still life / life

But:

stilled /ill$

Hyphen

Hyphen (-) - dots 3 and 6

The hyphen is used as in print.

Example:

arc-lamp >C-LAMP

Revised January 2022 - 44 - UEB Training Manual

Compound Words

There are two kinds of compound words:

(1) Where a hyphen exists in the print, for example, arc-lamp. The word on

each side of the hyphen is considered to be “standing alone” or distinct.

Alphabetic or strong wordsigns may be used.

Example:

child-like *-l

(2) Where there is no hyphen in the print, for example, aircraft. Wordsigns

may NOT be used as the compound word is regarded as a single word.

Example:

childlike *ildlike

Using Wordsigns

All wordsigns, until now, have had a space on each side. A wordsign may

also be used if it has a hyphen on either side. The dash will be introduced in

the next lesson and has been included in the rules below.

The key concepts are now:

• A wordsign may be used if it is preceded AND followed by a space, hyphen

or dash.

• A wordsign may not be used as part of a longer word.

• Alphabetic and strong wordsigns may be used where followed by 'd, 'll, 're,

's, 't or 've.

• Wordsigns may be used with punctuation.

NOTE: When using wordsigns with punctuation, the punctuation must

be in its standard grammatical position. For more information, refer to page

205.

Revised January 2022 - 45 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 9

haste stated priest stretch story striking fast string

staff earnest ghost destroyer still-life stop sty stars

career narrow quarterly go-cart care-taker earth arrow

starch sparrow singular farthing charitable cards carving-

fork thing fringe jingle starling stringing arousing bring kingdom

outstanding fingering shingle jeering starving snowing burning outing

On my early ramble the other morning I stood still

just admiring a lark start singing with a joyous outburst,

and soaring higher and higher towards the red, rising sun,

warbling and carolling, carried upwards out of sight on

the wings of the morning. With both of my hands holding the

steering wheel, and still gripping it with all of my might,

and though trembling, I steered straight as possible

toward the car-park and with care parked the car. I asked

“Are you bringing us the things needed for knitting stockings

for the new clothing stalls at this month's Bazaar?”

Extra Practice 9

Our corner shop is having a big sale of

toothbrushes, cigars, bath-powder, liquid

soap, dishes, thimbles and needles. Carol

arose early this morning and studied for the

arithmetic test. “The Tempest” is full of

striking imagery. He plans on making a

career of aerodynamics. Gingerale will quiet

an upset stomach now and then. Her hair is

slightly tinged with grey, but her eyes have the

sparkle of youth. She gave Butch a withering

look and exclaimed, “I wish you'd bathe every

now and then!” It is amazing how few people are

thoroughly free of vexing problems. Charles

is a five-trip-a-week pilot. The next

film is “Two-gun Jim rides on.” The

sedate Duchess hired a sedan-chair for her

three-hour tour of Peking.

Revised January 2022 - 46 - UEB Training Manual

LESSONS 10–14

Lower Contractions

The next group of signs are the lower contractions. They have no dots in

the top of the cell, that is, no dot 1 or dot 4. The lower signs learnt so far are

punctuation.

Lower contractions will be introduced separately as groupsigns and

wordsigns. Groupsigns are contractions of two or more letters that form part

of a word. Wordsigns are contractions that represent whole words.

LESSONS 10–12

Lower Groupsigns

The ten lower groupsigns are grouped under three headings:

• Lower groupsigns at the beginning of a word

• Lower groupsigns in the middle of a word

• Lower groupsigns in any part of a word

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LESSON 10

Lower Groupsigns at the

Beginning of a Word

con

dis

2 3 4

be 2 dots 2 3 (lower b)

con 3 dots 2 and 5 (middle c)

dis 4 dots 2 and 5 6 (lower d)

These three groupsigns are used ONLY where they form the FIRST

SYLLABLE of a word.

Examples:

being 2+ beta 2ta

began 2GAN concern 3C]N

contrast 3tra/ contract 3tract

disable 4Able disturb 4turb

But:

bell BELL better bett]

conk CONK unconcern unconc]n

disc DISC undismayed undismay$

Revised January 2022 - 48 - UEB Training Manual

Two of These Syllables in Sequence

Where any two of the syllables “be”, “con” or “dis” occur in sequence,

the groupsign may only be used for the syllable at the beginning of the word.

Examples:

disbelief 4belief disconnect 4connect

Choice of Contractions

The lower groupsigns be, con and dis have preference over upper

groupsigns, but only where they form the first distinct syllable of a word.

Example:

distrust 4tru/

But:

dishes di%es

Dash

Dash (–) ,- dot 6, dots 3 and 6.

According to Australian formatting conventions, a dash that joins two

phrases or concepts is brailled unspaced from the words that precede and

follow.

Example:

Don't wait—come at once.

,DON'T WAIT,-COME AT ONCE4

The dash may be positioned at either end of a braille line but, as a two-

cell sign, may not be split across two braille lines.

Revised January 2022 - 49 - UEB Training Manual

be, con, dis with a hyphen or dash

These three groupsigns may be used following a dash or a hyphen that

EXISTS IN THE PRINT, but only if they form the first syllable of the word.

Examples:

self-belief self-2lief

go away—dispel! g away,-4pel6

Shortforms

Shortforms are words that are specially abbreviated in braille. There are

75 shortforms covered over a number of lessons.

Shortforms may also be used within longer words, according to the

Shortform Extension List beginning on page 211.

Shortforms Beginning with the “be” Syllable

because bec 2c before bef 2f

behind beh 2h below bel 2l

beneath ben 2n beside bes 2s

between bet 2t beyond bey 2y

NOTE: The Shortform Extension List includes only words where “be”

occurs at the start of the longer word. The be groupsign may only be used

where the letters represent the first syllable of a word.

Revised January 2022 - 50 - UEB Training Manual

Examples:

beforehand 2fh&

besides 2ss

But:

furbelow furbel[

Guidelines for the Use of Shortforms

These guidelines apply to all shortforms and longer words containing

shortforms, including those introduced in later lessons.

A shortform may be used:

• Regardless of pronunciation or meaning, or whether it is an ordinary word

or proper name.

• In any longer word (including any affix with an apostrophe) that appears

on the Shortform Extension List beginning on page 211.

• Where an “s” or apostrophe “s” is added to any shortform or word on the

Shortform Extension List. Three exceptions to this rule are explained when

the relevant shortform is introduced.

Shortforms and longer words containing shortforms:

• Must be preceded AND followed by a space, hyphen or dash.

• May be used with punctuation.

More detailed guidelines for the use of shortforms are on page 205.

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Practice 10

behold believe besiege behindhand beset beguiled beings

belated betweenwhiles bee better beyond beloved beneath beet

consulted constantly contrary contemptuous convoy conch

consists confused unconscious constables constructive

discharged disconcerted discuss disorder dispel disc disco

disgraced disasters disapprove dismal disputes disturbing

I can disagree utterly, because I do not consider that he

disobeyed the orders or that the commanding officer became

very dissatisfied and disgusted with the behaviour of the whole

company with the quite terrible conflicts between our forces

and the considerable army that bestrides and controls all

the conquered territory. I confirm what I have told

you before, that Ted is not guilty of a conspiracy, or

of betraying the comrades; beware of condemning Ted's

conduct or belittling my efforts, or dismissing all

our motives and charging me with dishonourable conduct.

Extra Practice 10

He did look rather bewildered, I confess.

Disposing of this problem will require the whole

effort of all of us. A handy, considerate child will

help if dishes need washing. The new

chairman of the sub-committee lost complete

self-control because the members became

disorderly. Betty behaved unbecomingly at

school for a child of her age. Jack Ford is my

choice for the job—come what may. Before we

go, tell the milkman—make sure you are

very clear—that we are not coming home for two

weeks. I believe that this chair is very

uncomfortable. Fiona saw her ring beside the clock

on her bedside table. Shall I look beneath the

cushion? The pupils became unruly;

complete disorder prevailed. Behave well!

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LESSON 11

Lower Groupsigns

in the Middle of a Word

ea 1 dot 2 (middle a)

bb 2 dots 2 3 (lower b)

cc 3 dots 2 and 5 (middle c)

ff 6 dots 2 3 and 5 (lower f)

gg 7 dots 2 3 and 5 6 (lower g)

These groupsigns may only be used in the MIDDLE of a word. They must

be preceded AND followed by a letter or groupsign.

The above groupsigns may not be used before a hyphen or an

apostrophe.

Examples:

lead l1d Seattle ,s1ttle

teacup t1cup rabbit ra2it

babbled ba2l$ accept a3ept

accurate a3urate tobacco toba3o

cliffs cli6s affected a6ect$

ragged ra7$ aggrieved a7riev$

Revised January 2022 - 53 - UEB Training Manual

But:

eat eat plea plea

tea-cup

tea-cup skiff's skiff's

riff-raff riff-raff

Choice of Contractions

A strong groupsign has preference over a lower groupsign, with the

exception of the be, con and dis groupsigns introduced in the last lesson.

In words containing the letters “ear”, the groupsign ar is used in

preference to ea. However, the ar groupsign should not be used where it

bridges the components of a compound word, as in tearoom. Refer to

General Rules for the Use of Contractions on page 195.

Examples:

effort ef=t offer (f]

fear fe> learn le>n

beard be>d heart he>t

But:

tearoom t1room

flearidden fl1ridd5

Revised January 2022 - 54 - UEB Training Manual

Round Brackets or Parentheses

Opening round bracket or parenthesis

(

"< dot 5, dots 1 2 and 6

Closing round bracket or parenthesis

) "> dot 5, dots 3 and 4 5

Examples:

(if I may add),

"<if ,i MAY add">1

(if you prefer it!)

"<if Y PREF] X6">

No space is left following an opening bracket or before a closing bracket,

unless the space has special significance.

The type and order of punctuation marks in the print must be followed in

braille.

Revised January 2022 - 55 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 11

heavy cheap bread meal weak swear steady hear beard

thread create speak eases deaf ready yearly earn

stabbed rubbery pebbles lobbies jobbery webbing shabby

occupies accelerated tobacco access accosting cuffs

coffee stuffing effect afflicted differs sheriffs iffy

egg baggy aggravating luggage suggested ragged eggs

I have heard they are at loggerheads over the affair:

they all accuse the beggar of robbing them and bagging all

the stuff concealed beneath a muddled heap of rubbish; how

the robber learnt this fact and then cleared out the stuff,

bag and baggage, and effaced every trace quite baffled us.

The so very weary watchman heard nothing alarming during

the night (at least, so he affirms), and only with

difficulty realised towards morning that a very serious

breach of the peace occurred as he slept so cosily

huddled up all of a tight heap, with muffled ears.

Extra Practice 11

You may consider it odd, but I will not eat

cabbage. The sufferers from the disaster did not give

up the struggle. Being a stiff-necked old

aristocrat she did not mingle with the common rabble,

but they wearied of being treated like riffraff. The

leader of the plot, being accused, cried “I am not

guilty!”; all the same, the judges

condemned that man. They served meatloaf, fried

eggplant, carrots and peas, crusty bread,

peaches and cream and cake topped with fluffy

marshmallow frosting. The story (which we will soon

complete) is filled with horror. “Do you

consider that old peddler odd?” It is not so

easy for me! He feared the man with the gun; but with

effort he disarmed the brute. He can afford this

property because he is a man of means—lucky

man!

Revised January 2022 - 56 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 12

Lower Groupsigns

in Any Part of a Word

en 5 dots 2 and 6 (lower e)

in 9 dots 3 and 5 (lower i)

These two lower groupsigns may be used in ANY part of a word. They

are the only lower groupsigns that may be used at the END of a word.

Examples:

end 5D deny D5Y

den D5 been be5

inn 9N into 9to

dined D9$ din D9

NOTE: The be groupsign is not used at the beginning of the word

“been”, as it does not form a definite syllable.

Revised January 2022 - 57 - UEB Training Manual

Choice of Contractions

The strong groupsigns the and ing are used in preference to en and in,

in accordance with the rule that an upper groupsign has preference over a

lower groupsign, as stated in Lesson 11 on page 53.

The in contraction is used for words beginning with “ing”, as the ing

groupsign may not be used at the beginning of a word, as stated in Lesson 9.

Examples:

then !n lengthen l5g!n

spring spr+ nightingale ni<t+ale

But:

ingot 9got ingredients 9gr$i5ts

Lower Sign Rule

Use any number of lower groupsigns and lower punctuation signs

together, provided the sequence includes an upper sign.

The final lower contraction is not used where the sequence would

otherwise consist wholly of lower signs.

Example:

“linen” 8L950

But:

bein' 2in'

NOTE: “in” is not contracted in the second example to ensure there is

an upper sign in the sequence.

Revised January 2022 - 58 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 12

entreat greens general gardening gentlemen heaven ending

different entertained enforced encouraging French disengaged

incendiary finished inclined ingredients indispensable

window “disinterest” inwardly maintaining minions coffin

ingeniously insurgent insensible fingering strengthen win

skin-tight. “He has just been seen!” China endowed

disinherit lining instinct indistinguishable inland diminish

incomparable since Apennines Dobbin! thing chains.

“Instead of enduring standing on the rain-soddened steps,

discontentedly waiting for the income tax inspector,

go inside and insist on an interview.” The advice

seemed eminently sensible, the rain so unending. Very

innocently I went indoors. “Enquiries Within.”

This showed plainly on an inner door and quite suddenly

I heard men's and women's voices raised loudly

behind the door. “Hasn't he yet been?” asked an

indiscreet, loud voice from within. “I hope I'm

not intruding?” I ventured out loud as I entered within.

Revised January 2022 - 59 - UEB Training Manual

Extra Practice 12

When they finished the interview, the clock

outside struck seven. Hurry or we'll not

get any dinner! If you haven't anything we can

afford, we aren't interested. Henry's headache

inflicts an intolerable pain, and he's

inconsolable. An enormous hand grasped mine

and a voice exclaimed “Welcome!”. Pinner's

daughter is president of the benevolent

society. Karen arrived with the pillows and then

Caroline came with the remainder of the bed linen.

The identical twins are indistinguishable. Radio

has presented us with the best outstanding talent with

all kinds of programmes—short amusing

sketches and elaborate plays, as well as

symphonies and other kinds of music, and an

unlimited variety of entertaining shows.

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LESSON 13

Lower Wordsigns

Lower wordsigns may be grouped under two headings:

• Lower wordsigns that may not be in contact with lower punctuation.

• Lower wordsigns that may, in some cases, be in contact with lower

punctuation.

Lower Wordsigns

That May Not Be in Contact With

Lower Punctuation

his

was

were

2 8 0 7

be 2 dots 2 3 (lower b, the same as the groupsign be)

his 8 dots 2 3 and 6 (lower h)

was 0 dots 3 and 5 6 (lower j)

were 7 dots 2 3 and 5 6 (lower g)

These four lower wordsigns may NOT touch LOWER punctuation.

Unlike the alphabetic and strong wordsigns already learnt, these lower

wordsigns may NOT be used if they touch the hyphen or dash.

The only punctuation learnt so far that these wordsigns may touch are

round brackets (parentheses), as these have dots in the upper part of the

cell.

Lower wordsigns may be used with capitals indicators.

Lower wordsigns may not be part of a longer word.

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Examples:

Be glad! ,2 GLAD6

His idea ,8 idea

(his) "<8">

It was fine. ,x 0 f9e4

You were glad ,Y 7 GLAD

(as you were) "<z y 7">

—(was that it?) ,-"<0 t x8">

NOTE: In the above example, “was” is touching the bracket and not the

dash, so the wordsign may be used.

But:

“Be glad!” 8,BE GLAD60

“his”

8his0

—was that it?

,-was t x8

wasn't wasn't

As you were!

,Z Y w]E6

weren't w]5't

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Lower Wordsigns

That May in Some Cases Be

in Contact With Lower Punctuation

enough

5 9

enough 5 dots 2 and 6 (lower e)

in 9 dots 3 and 5 (lower i)

enough must meet the same wordsign criteria as the alphabetic and

strong wordsigns. Refer to Using Wordsigns on page 44. However, the Lower

Sign Rule must also be considered as stated below.

in represents the same letters as the groupsign and may be used

wherever it occurs.

enough and in as wordsigns may be used with capitals indicators.

Examples:

It was enough for me. ,x 0 5 = me4

In that case! ,9 t case6

Have you enough in that box?

,h y 5 9 t box8

Lower Sign Rule

Use the lower wordsigns enough and in with any number of lower

punctuation signs, provided the sequence includes an upper sign.

Do NOT use the final lower contraction where the sequence would

otherwise consist wholly of lower signs.

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Examples:

(It was enough) "<,x 0 5">

“Teach-in” 8,T1*-90

They are list ening-in this morning.

,!y >e li/5+-9 ? morn+4

Brother-in-law

,bro!r-9-law

But:

Have you enough? ,h y 5\<8

I went in— ,I w5t in,-

Mixed Examples:

“enough's enou gh.” 85'S 5\<40

I have enough—more than enough!

,I h 5,-m ?an 5\<6

Have you enough—enough for me?

,h y 5,-5\< = me8

Have you enough—in that box?

,h y 5,-in t box8

NOTE: A wordsign is NOT used following the dash in the last two

examples to ensure there is an upper sign in the sequence.

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The following examples illustrate the use and non-use of the wordsigns

enough and in where a dash is positioned either end of a braille line.

Examples:

I went in—

,I w5t in,-

at lea st …

at l1/ 444

We have enou gh—

,we h 5\<,-

let us stop now.

let u /op n[4

Sure you have enough

,sure y h 5

—in that box?

,-in t box8

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Shortforms beginning with “a” plus “said”

about ab ab above abv abv

according ac ac across acr acr

after af

af afternoon afn afn

afterward afw

afw afterwards afws afws

again ag ag against agst ag/

almost alm alm already alr alr

also al al although alth al?

altogether alt alt always alw alw

said sd

Refer to the Guidelines for the Use of Shortforms on page 50.

The Shortform Extension List on page 211 lists the longer words where

shortforms may be used.

The letter “s” may not be added to the shortforms “about” or “almost”,

as use of the shortforms would create words that are in common use, for

example, “abs” (short for abdominals) and “alms”.

Examples:

afterglow afgl[ against ag/

Port Said ,port ,sd

But:

acrosses acrosses rafter raft]

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Practice 13

“I can't imagine what you were doing then,” he said after

coming in. “Why,” I replied, “I was just about my

own affairs again, and that is enough!” I was almost tired

of his interfering ways: he was always asking indiscreet

things about me of that kind, although he already knew more than

enough about me as it was. We were all, standing in a group

on the platform, waiting for the in-coming train; before it

came in—it was very late—we saw his brother-in-law

with his—what did he always call it?—his lucky

“mascot”. Then the diesel train came in: it was

almost twenty-seven minutes behind in schedule. “Enough

standing about, for me at the very least,” I said. “Quite enough for

us also!” my companions agreed. “But be fast about

it,” I said, “the train will be starting again in a minute

and we shall have been waiting in vain.” We all got in

although it was about full already. My brother-in-law, who

joined us and jumped in after us with his pet monkey in his

arms, was almost too late; so we were away at last.

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Extra Practice 13

After it lost the way, the plane strayed beyond the

Soviet border and was shot down behind the Iron

Curtain. His home town is according the general an

almost royal welcome because of his heroic stand

against overwhelming odds. We don't have enough food

in the new house for the entire weekend. When my

in-laws invaded our domain I was in a state of

frenzy. If you insist that I be frank, I will

be. How few they were, yet how well they

defended the homeland! “Enough's enough!” cried the

infuriated parent. The headmaster wasn't in,

but his secretary greeted us warmly. Dickens

and Thackeray were important British

novelists of the nineteenth century. He

movingly recited Tennyson's “In

Memoriam” in floods of tears. Maybe

he'll change his mind!

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LESSON 14

Summary of Lower Signs

Lower Sign Rule

Use any number of lower groupsigns and lower punctuation signs

together, provided the sequence includes an upper sign.

Use the lower wordsigns enough and in with any number of lower

punctuation signs, provided the sequence includes an upper sign.

The final contraction is NOT used where the sequence would otherwise

consist wholly of lower signs.

Examples:

bein' 2in'

(bein') "<29'">

enough—in

5,-in

(enough—in all) "<5,-9 all">

NOTE: A sequence is an unbroken string of letters or letters and

symbols between spaces.

Lower Groupsigns and Wordsigns

Groupsigns be, con, dis

1. May only be used where they form the first syllable.

2. Have preference over strong groupsigns, for example, distort.

3. May be used following a hyphen or dash only if they form the first

syllable of a word.

4. Must meet the Lower Sign Rule.

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Groupsigns ea, bb, cc, ff, gg

1. May only be used in the middle of a word.

2. Strong groupsigns have preference over these lower groupsigns, for

example, effort, coffee, heart.

3. May not be used before or after a hyphen or apostrophe.

Groupsigns en, in

1. May be used in any part of a word.

2. Strong groupsigns have preference, however, ing may not be used

at the beginning of a word.

3. Must meet the Lower Sign Rule.

Wordsigns be, his, was, were

1. May not be part of a longer word.

2. May not touch lower punctuation.

Wordsigns enough, in

1. enough must meet the same criteria as the alphabetic and strong

wordsigns. Refer to Using Wordsigns on page 44.

2. Must meet the Lower Sign Rule.

Hyphen and Dash

A hyphen may be used at the end of a braille line to divide a long word.

The hyphen is never positioned at the beginning of a new braille line.

The dash is a two-cell sign that must never be split. It may occur at

either end of a braille line.

The Lower Sign Rule must be considered wherever a hyphen or dash

occurs.

The lower wordsigns be, his, was and were may not touch the hyphen

or dash to avoid confusion with lower punctuation.

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Shortforms

today td td tomorrow tm tm

tonight tn

tn friend fr fr

herself herf h]f myself myf myf

him hm hm himself hmf hmf

your yr

yr yourself yrf yrf

could cd

cd should shd %d

would wd wd

Refer to the Guidelines for the Use of Shortforms on page 50.

The Shortform Extension List on page 211 lists the longer words where

shortforms may be used.

Examples:

wouldn't wdn't shouldst %d/

But:

Himalayas ,himalayas

shoulder

%\ld]

The letter “s” may not be added to the shortform for “him”, as use of the

shortform would create a word in common use, that is, “HMS” (Her Majesty's

Ship).

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friend

If a longer word containing “friend” is not on the Shortform Extension

List, the shortform may be used, provided it is at the beginning of the word

and not followed by a vowel or “y”.

NOTE: It is always important to check the Shortform Extension List for

allowable words which do not follow the above rule.

Examples:

boyfriend boyfr

unfriendly unfrly

friendfinder frf9d]

But:

befriended 2fri5d$

befriending 2fri5d+

friendy fri5dy

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Practice 14

“If I could be in your place,” I said to a friend,

“I should try to go by an earlier train tomorrow.” I

stood by him to help him into his coat and I then

offered to put his luggage into the bus for him. “I

hope to get back tonight early enough to see to all

the things that we have to arrange—anyhow at the very least

by tomorrow night,” he said, as he stepped on the bus.

We were to go to Edinburgh to attend a meeting and

I was planning to go by car to various places that

we wished to see on the way. I did not like to go

by myself: it was really quite a shame not to use the car

to the full. After dinner we were ready to discuss the

plans—which of the cities on the route to the North

to pass by and which of the by-ways we would take to

endeavour to combine our duty with pleasure to our

utmost. “That's quite plain enough,” I said; “enough to

begin with at any rate. And now into our beds, as you

should try and catch the very earliest train tomorrow morning.”

Extra Practice 14

They are behindhand with the rent, and accordingly have asked

to move. It is difficult today to imagine the

fears of Columbus' sailors as they sailed

across the ocean. Do not delude yourself about just how

serious this could be if you do not make him your friend

by tomorrow at the very latest. “Will you be able to drop

by tonight, Lucy?”, she asked her friend. He went

to London by way of Bristol. His book,

in my opinion, is very poorly written—to be

perfectly frank. When will you permit me to

enter your office? When he went into the room he

was taken back by surprise. By and by we

arrived at a small inn and went in to inquire

whether any rooms were available. Bernard kept

his tools in a lean-to near the greenhouse. Shall

we go to “The Bell” tonight?

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LESSONS 15–22

Two-Cell Contractions

All contractions learnt so far, other than shortforms, occupy a single cell.

The two-cell contractions are now introduced. They are divided into two main

groups:

• Initial-letter contractions

• Final-letter groupsigns

Initial-letter contractions are formed from the FIRST letter or groupsign

of a word with a braille prefix consisting of dot 5, dots 4 5 or dots 4 5 6.

Final-letter groupsigns are formed from the LAST letter of a contracted

syllable with a braille prefix consisting of dots 4 6 or dots 5 6.

Examples:

father "F dot 5 and f (Initial-letter Contraction)

-sion .N dots 4 6 and n (Final-letter Groupsign)

Choice of Contractions

Choose the contraction that results in the least number of cells. Single-

cell contractions have preference where the space occupied is equivalent,

with the exception of -ence, which is introduced in Lesson 19.

LESSONS 15–17

Initial-Letter Contractions with Dot 5

The dot 5 is the most common prefix for initial-letter contractions. There

are 22 such contractions and they will be covered alphabetically in the next

three lessons.

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LESSON 15

Dot 5 and D–M

Initial-letter Contraction

Simple Wordsign

day "D dot 5 and d

do d d

ever "E dot 5 and e

every e e

father "F dot 5 and f

from f f

here "H dot 5 and h

have h h

know "K dot 5 and k

knowledge k k

lord "L dot 5 and l

like l l

mother "M dot 5 and m

more m m

day, father, know, lord, mother

day, father, know, lord and mother may generally be used as initial-

letter contractions wherever the letters they represent occur, even if they do

not retain their original meaning.

A contraction may not be used if it seriously distorts pronunciation. For

example, do not use mother in chemotherapy.

Examples:

days "ds Monday ,mon"d

daybreak "dbr1k Faraday ,f>a"d

day-to-day "d-to-"d

fatherhood "fhood unfatherly un"fly

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knowing "k+ unknown un"kn

overlord ov]"l lording "l+

motherly "mly smother s"m

mother-in-law "m-9-law

acknowledge ac"kl$ge

NOTE: In the word acknowledge, the alphabetic wordsign knowledge

may not be used as it is part of a longer word.

But:

today td Sanday ,s&ay

chemotherapy *emo!rapy

ever

ever may only be used as an initial-letter contraction where the stress is

on the first “e” and where “ever” is not preceded by “e” or “i”.

Examples:

sever s"e fever f"e

reverent r"e5t

But:

severe sev]e reverberate rev]b]ate

revere rev]e believer 2liev]

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NOTE: Compound words containing “every” are written with the

contraction ever and the addition of “y”, as the alphabetic wordsign every

may not be part of a longer word.

Examples:

everybody "eybody

everything "ey?+

here

here may only be used as an initial-letter contraction where the letters it

represents are pronounced as one syllable.

If “here” is followed by the letters “d”, “n” or “r”, the groupsigns ed, en

or er must be used. Strong and lower wordsigns have preference over initial-

letter contractions, unless fewer cells can be used.

Examples:

adhere ad"h here with "h)

hereto "hto sphere sp"h

But:

Hereford ,h]e=d adher ed adh]$

inherent 9h]5t coher er coh]]

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Shortforms

conceive concv 3cv conceiving concvg 3cvg

deceive dcv dcv deceiving dcvg dcvg

declare dcl

dcl declaring dclg dclg

children chn

*n either ei ei

good gd gd great grt grt

much mch

m* such sch s*

Refer to the Guidelines for the Use of Shortforms on page 50.

The Shortform Extension List on page 211 lists the longer words where

shortforms may be used.

Shortforms ending with “ing”

There are six shortforms ending in “e” where the present participles are

also shortforms in their own right. The letter “g” is added for these, rather

than ing. Three of the six have been introduced in this lesson and three will

be introduced in Lesson 17.

Examples:

conceive 3cv conceiving 3cvg

deceive dcv deceiving dcvg

declare dcl declaring dclg

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children

If a longer word containing “children” is not on the Shortform Extension

List, the shortform may be used, provided it is not followed by a vowel or “y”.

Examples:

fost erchildren fo/]*n

childrenbooks *nbooks

But:

childrenite *ildr5ite

good

If a longer word containing “good” is not on the Shortform Extension

List, the shortform may be used, provided it is at the beginning of the word

and not followed by a vowel or “y”.

NOTE: It is always important to check the Shortform Extension List for

allowable words which do not follow the above rule.

Examples:

Goodhumour man ,gdhum\r man

scattergood scatt]gd

goodie gdie

But:

Hapgood ,hapgood

Jane Goodall

,jane goodall

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great

The shortform for “great” may be used wherever it occurs, even if the

longer word does not appear on the Shortform Extension List.

Example:

greataunt grtaunt

Practice 15

I can never conceive how my sister-in-law manages to

do the cleaning, the cooking and the shopping and everything for the

children—day in, day out—too much altogether to my very mind!

For however good they may be in a general way, children are

ever such a very, very great charge on the father and mother—greater

moreover, on the mother. “Well I just don't know,”

she declared yesterday, when I demanded that I know just how

she could fit it all into the seven days; “every day I

have to do certain things, whatever else has to go by

the by; here's a list if you would like to know: Monday

is the washing-day—as everybody knows—by good luck,

Father likes taking the children to the school on that day—

Tuesdays and Wednesdays I go into the town to do

shopping—would you believe people could stand in queues, never

knowing whether they will ever get anything much they want after

all? Such a very great waste of good effort! Still, it's

either that or nothing!” Here she broke off quite suddenly

with: “Why here they are and I'm just not ready with tea!”

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Extra Practice 15

Beverly comforted her small, serious brother

by saying, “Mother promised that she and father will take

us fishing the day after tomorrow”. He has declared himself

in favour of resuming talks between the unions

and the company. You know that you are not allowed to

remain here forever. Do not deceive them into thinking

we will find it. The landlord acknowledged that the

tenants needed a few more days to find another

house. “Everton are by far the greatest team ever!”

he declared with much enthusiasm. He continued

to adhere to his beliefs even though he was

condemned as a heretic. She was unable to smother a

yawn as he continued to recite the boring

details of his journey. “You have such good children!”,

her father-in-law declared. According to the plans made

yesterday, the union is declaring a strike tomorrow,

either in the morning or the afternoon; however, if we

conceive an alternative plan, we may be able

to prevent this from happening.

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LESSON 16

Dot 5 and N–U

Initial-letter Contraction

Simple Wordsign

name "n dot 5 and n

not n n

one "o dot 5 and o

part "p dot 5 and p

people p p

question "q dot 5 and q

quite q q

right "r dot 5 and r

rather r r

some "s dot 5 and s

so s s

time "t dot 5 and t

that t t

under "u dot 5 and u

us u u

name

name may be used where the letters it represents are pronounced as

one syllable.

Examples:

namely "nly filename file"n

renamed re"nd

NOTE: name is used in renamed rather than the strong groupsign ed,

as fewer cells are occupied.

But:

enamel 5amel

Vietnamese ,vietnamese

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one

one is used as an initial-letter contraction where the letters it represents

are pronounced as a single syllable.

one may also be used in words ending with the letters “oney”, the words

“honest” or “monetary” and their derivatives such as dishone st.

one may NOT be used if preceded by the letter “o”.

The initial-letter contraction one may NOT be used where “one” is

followed by “d”, “n” or “r”. Strong and lower groupsigns have preference

where the number of braille cells occupied is equivalent.

Examples:

st ones /"os lonely l"oly

telephone teleph"o coney c"oy

money m"oy hone stly h"o/ly

But:

anemone anemone baronet b>onet

colonel colonel Boone ,boone

phoned

phon$ prisoner prison]

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part

part may be used as an initial-letter contraction where the letters it

represents occur, except where followed by the letter “h” in words where the

letters “th” make a single sound.

Examples:

partly "ply impartial im"pial

imparted im"p$ participle "piciple

partridge "pridge apartheid a"pheid

But:

Parthe non ,p>!non

question, right

question and right may generally be used wherever the letters they

represent occur.

Examples:

questioning "q+ unquestionable un"qable

righteous "re\s Bright on ,b"ron

frighten ed f"r5$ alright al"r

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some

some should be used as an initial-letter contraction wherever the letters

it represents form a syllable of the basic word, regardless of pronunciation.

Examples:

handsome h&"s handsomer h&"sr

meddlesome m$dle"s noisome noi"s

somebody "sbody chromosome *romo"s

But:

Somerset ,som]set (not a definite syllable)

ransomed ransom$ (not a syllable of “ransom”)

time

time may be used where the letters it represents are pronounced the

same as the word “time”.

Examples:

timely "tly sometimes "s"ts

mistimed mis"td timer "tr

But:

Mortimer ,mortim]

NOTE: time is used in mistimed and timer rather than the strong

groupsigns ed and er, as fewer cells are occupied.

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under

under may be used as an initial-letter contraction, unless the letters it

represents are preceded by the vowels “a” or “o” or where the letters “un”

form a prefix.

Examples:

blunder bl"u thundered ?"u$

underst and "u/&

But:

launder laund] underived und]iv$

Shortforms

first fst f/ immediate imm imm

its xs xs itself xf xf

little ll

ll letter lr lr

must mst

m/ necessary nec nec

neither nei nei oneself onef "of

ourselves ourvs \rvs

Refer to the Guidelines for the Use of Shortforms on page 50.

The Shortform Extension List on page 211 lists the longer words where

shortforms may be used.

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Examples:

immediately immly unnecessary unnec

mustn't m/n't musty m/y

But:

necessarily necess>ily

mustang mu/ang muster mu/]

mustache mu/a*e

first, letter, little

If a longer word containing “first”, “letter” or “little” is not on the

Shortform Extension List, the shortform may be used, provided it is at the

beginning of the word and not followed by a vowel or “y”.

NOTE: It is always important to check the Shortform Extension List for

allowable words which do not follow the above rule.

Examples:

firstborn f/born tailfirst tailf/

lettered lr$ newsletter newslr

littlest ll/ belittled 2lld

But:

belittling 2littl+

NOTE: A shortform may only be used if the spelling is not changed. The

shortform may NOT be used in “belittling” as the “e” on the end of “little” is

dropped.

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Practice 16

begone commoner money throne shone prone scones one

partake apart parting participle partial partisans party

righteous fright right-minded wheelwright playwright abandoned

someone's wearisome troublesome somewhat loathsome winsome

in the meantime, Times, time-table, summer-time, timer

Sunderland underwriter undertone undergo under-carriage thunder

A party of constables came here to discover his name and

still something a little more definite about him, in particular as

to his honesty and upright dealing at the time when he was the

time keeper in the old, very well-known and time-honoured

firm of shipwrights in which my father was a senior partner.

Little enough did we ourselves know about him, however; for us who

were little more than children at that time past, he was but a name—

neither more nor less—yet we undertook to make an

immediate search in my father's letters, tiresome as this can always

be to anyone knowing but little enough of such things, and inform them

as to his real name, if we could just get to know it, and

on any other points that should come to light hereafter.

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Extra Practice 16

“The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars,

but in ourselves, that we are underlings.” Although she

wrote the story herself, it was her friend, Stephen

Littleton, who conceived the plot. His father must have his

first driving lesson tonight. It will not be necessary

to give your idea our immediate scrutiny, as you can

present it yourself at the three o'clock meeting this

afternoon. Into each life a little rain must fall. I

was unable to answer your letter immediately. We were rather

surprised to learn that some of our boys took

part in the riots; they were named as instigators and

taken for questioning. We hope that the party will be a

big surprise for Grandfather. He was kidnapped

but ransomed by his father, who was forced to pay a

good deal of money. His feverish state lasted

only a short time and he was soon able to understand

his parents' questions and respond coherently. Though

lonesome and frightened, the child was none the worse for

his night out in the thunder, the lightning and the rain.

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LESSON 17

Last Group of Initial-Letter

Contractions with Dot 5

Initial-letter Contractions

Alphabetic or Strong

Wordsign

work "w dot 5 and w

will w w

young "y dot 5 and y

you y y

there "! dot 5 and the

the !

character "* dot 5 and ch

child * ch

through "? dot 5 and th

this ? th

where ": dot 5 and wh

which : wh

ought "| dot 5 and ou

out \ ou

Examples:

workman "wman homework home"w

work ing "w+ youngish "yi%

characteristic "*i/ic characterised "*is$

throughout "?\t whereas ":as

But:

wherever :]"e

NOTE: Using the groupsign ever rather than where better reflects the

pronunciation and form of the word.

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there

there must retain its meaning where used as an initial-letter contraction.

Examples:

there fore "!=e there with "!)

But:

lathered la!r$ wither ed )]$

ought

ought may be used as an initial-letter contraction wherever the letters it

represents occur, regardless of pronunciation.

Examples:

bought b"\ thought ?"\

drought dr"\ doughty d"\y

Revised January 2022 - 91 - UEB Training Manual

Shortforms

blind bl bl braille brl brl

paid pd

pd perhaps perh p]h

perceive percv p]cv perceiving percvg p]cvg

receive rcv rcv receiving rcvg rcvg

rejoice rjc

rjc rejoicing rjcg rjcg

quick qk

qk themselves themvs !mvs

thyself thyf ?yf together tgr tgr

yourselves yrvs yrvs

Refer to the Guidelines for the Use of Shortforms on page 50.

The Shortform Extension List on page 211 lists the longer words where

shortforms may be used.

Examples:

prepaid prepd rejoiceful rjc;l

But:

nonpaid nonpaid

blind, quick

If a longer word containing “blind” or “quick” is not on the Shortform

Extension List, the shortform may be used, provided it is at the beginning of

the word and not followed by a vowel or “y”.

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NOTE: It is always important to check the Shortform Extension List for

allowable words which do not follow the above rule.

Examples:

blindly blly colourblind col\rbl

quickly qkly quicksticks qk/icks

But:

blinded bl9d$ blinding bl9d+

NOTE: The words “blinded” and “blinding” are not included on the

Shortforms Extension List. The use of the shortform in these words would

lead to confusion with the words “bled” and “bling”.

braille

The shortform for “braille” may be used wherever it occurs.

Examples:

brailler brlr rebraille rebrl

simbraille simbrl

But:

brailling braill+ braillist brailli/

NOTE: A shortform may only be used if the spelling is not changed. The

shortform may not be used in “brailling” and “braillist” as the “e” on the end

of “braille” has been dropped.

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Practice 17

At an afternoon-tea house-party at Lord Broughton's

there were quite a considerable number of younger people; some of the

very young ones not knowing what to do with themselves all day through

and eager to try something new while they were all together

there, suggested they ought to make up a play. And this

plan was very quickly put into effect. By good luck

one member of the party was discovered to be some sort of

a playwright. Before the day was out, the play was chosen and

most of the characters in it were allocated. Everyone was set

to work to learn his part by heart immediately; someone was

sent to help the youngest of the party to learn his part:

he was a promising youngster with lots of character who was thought

eminently suitable to get the part of the young handsome

hero. The next thing to decide on was where the play

ought to be staged. Someone immediately perceived that there was a

large room with a door behind leading to a little lobby,

through which the actors could pass in and out at will. The great

day was fixed; and the young people went to work with right good will.

Revised January 2022 - 94 - UEB Training Manual

Extra Practice 17

They met on a blind date and afterwards struck up

a very good friendship. Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing,

onward through life he goes. He took on

himself the unpaid debts of his stepchildren. He

perceived that this project would entail the

expenditure of funds above and beyond his means.

Young as he is, perhaps he will be able to command enough

strength of character, knowledge and will, to shoulder his new

responsibilities at work. The characteristics of the

adult are inherent in the chromosomes of the

embryo. The untimely death of the doughty master

quickly plunged the ship into an atmosphere of

gloom. Everyone ought to take some time each day for

reading. He thought that since he owned plenty of

money he would be treated like a king wherever he

went. Here and there the sun peeped through the clouds.

They remained at the gates to the prison where they

fought all through the night.

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LESSON 18

Initial-Letter Contractions

with Dots 4 5

There are five initial-letter contractions that use the braille prefix dots 4 5.

Initial-letter Contractions

Alphabetic or Strong

Wordsign

upon ^u dots 4 5 and u

us u u

word ^w dots 4 5 and w

will w w

these ^! dots 4 5 and the

the !

those ^? dots 4 5 and th

this ? th

whose ^: dots 4 5 and wh

which : wh

word should be used wherever the letters it represents occur.

upon, these, those and whose should only be used where the meaning

of the word is retained.

Examples:

wordy ^wy sword s^w

there upon "!^u whosesoever ^:so"e

But:

coupon c\pon theses !ses

NOTE: These five initial-letter contractions can be remembered by the

sentence, “Upon my word, whose are these and those?”

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Practice 18

The young people, intent upon the great job of learning the words

which fell under the parts assigned to them, worked very hard

during the time remaining to them, before the great day fixed

by the playwright, being also the producer. He insisted

upon the immediate need for everyone to be word-perfect and to

know his or her own part in the play off by heart, before

they could even begin to rehearse. “This is so necessary,”

he said, “for those, whose parts represent the chief characters

in the play; these should study the characters that they are called

upon to act, try to understand them and not only get the

words by heart but spend as much time upon them as they are

able.” And so hard did these enthusiastic young people work

throughout those few days that remained, that even those very high

standards that were set by the playwright seemed within easy

reach. In the meantime the older ones of the party set out

to work upon all the necessary accessories as were considered

by the playwright to be essential. Several demanding

rehearsals a day were insisted upon by those taking part.

Extra Practice 18

Those whose houses are made of glass ought not

to throw stones. Several fairy tales start with

these words: “Once upon a time”. Those of us whose

lives are spent in the Western hemisphere know

scarcely anything of life in the Orient. She

bought a letter-opener in the shape of a miniature

sword. The old professor announced to his

students “Most of these theses were splendid and

all but one of you have passed! Well done!”.

Whereupon the young chemists began rejoicing except for the

one woebegone boy who quickly perceived that he was

the single failure.

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LESSON 19

Initial-Letter Contractions

with Dots 4 5 6

There are six initial-letter contractions that use the braille prefix

dots 4 5 6.

Initial-letter Contractions

Alphabetic or Strong

Wordsign

cannot _c dots 4 5 6 and c

can c c

had _h dots 4 5 6 and h

have h h

many _m dots 4 5 6 and m

more m m

spirit _s dots 4 5 6 and s

so s s

world _w dots 4 5 6 and w

will w w

their _! dots 4 5 6 and the

the !

Apart from had, these initial-letter contractions may generally be used

wherever the letters they represent occur.

Examples:

spirit ed _s$ dispirit ed di_s$

worldly _wly unworldly un_wly

theirs _!s theirselves _!selves

Germany ,g]_m Romany ,ro_m

Tammany ,tam_m

NOTE: The initial-letter contraction spirit is used in preference to the

groupsign dis in the word “dispirited”, as fewer cells are occupied.

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had

Use the initial-letter contraction for had where the “a” is short.

Examples:

hadn't _hn't hadst _h/

Hadley ,_hley haddock _hdock

But:

Hadrian ,hadrian shadow %ad[

NOTE: In the word “shadow”, sh is used rather than had because strong

groupsigns have preference over initial-letter contractions.

These six initial-letter contractions may be remembered by the sentence,

“Many in this world cannot have had their spirit”.

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Practice 19

The party of youngsters had very many exciting times over their

recitals. Some days nothing went quite right. “Put more

spirit into those words!” one of them would be chastened. “Why

in the world you cannot speak out!” or “there's a great world of

thought behind those lines of yours and so you ought to enter into

their spirit, so those who will be hearing them cannot fail understanding

these underlying ideas.” The youngster, whose part was to play

the young hero, had worked very hard to get his words quite right

and say them clearly in a spirited manner: many and many a

time he had been heard declaiming them out to himself and

anyone else who had enough time to listen to him. Here

and there, where some particular lines had to be said in some

more characteristic tone of voice, those who had to say them

had to spend more time upon perfecting themselves. And so at

last the great day finally arrived, when they would have to

face all those who had come to look on—all the

world and his wife were there, and so their hearts sank. Their

spirits rallied however, and they “brought down the house”.

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Extra Practice 19

In these days of supersonic speed one can

travel to any part of the world in no time at all.

To those who have character and a spirit of adventure the Navy

is very appealing. You cannot go on forever spending more

money than you earn. I don't know whether or not

I will go to Germany, as I don't understand a word

of the language. “How many guests will there be at

their party?” asked the spirited young man. Mrs

Hadley was impressed with the beauty of the Parthenon.

Some people believe in Spiritualism; many others cannot

altogether accept these ideas. Upon hearing that her sister

had scarlet fever, she became extremely

dispirited. Those people whose spiritual lives mean everything

to them do not lead worldly lives. They had the party

here in the garden, with the babbling stream and the cool

shade of the trees making it a very pleasant

setting.

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LESSONS 20–22

Final-Letter Groupsigns

Final-letter groupsigns represent certain syllables in words. They consist

of the LAST letter of the contracted syllable, preceded by a braille prefix of

dots 4 6 or dots 5 6.

Final-letter groupsigns may only be used to represent PART of a word,

never as a wordsign to represent a whole word.

Final-letter groupsigns must immediately follow a letter or other

contraction. They may not be used at the beginning of a word or immediately

after a hyphen, apostrophe or any other punctuation.

Example:

carelessness c>e.s;s

But:

other-ness o!r-ness (not a frequent case).

lesson lesson

There are 12 final-letter groupsigns divided into three groups.

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LESSON 20

First Group of Final-Letter Groupsigns

In this group there are three pairs. Each pair is based on the same letter

(or root, as it is officially known), but the braille prefix is different.

ance

dots 4 6 and e ence

dots 5 6 and e

sion

dots 4 6 and n tion

dots 5 6 and n

less

dots 4 6 and s ness

dots 5 6 and s

Examples:

lanced l.ed advance adv.e

evidence evid;e commences comm;es

mansion man.n sessions ses.ns

national na;nal rationing ra;n+

actions ac;ns contraction 3trac;n

useless use.s blessing b.s+

fairness fair;s carelessness c>e.s;s

But:

ancestor ance/or less less

lessened less5$

Revised January 2022 - 103 - UEB Training Manual

ence

Use the final-letter groupsign ence where it is followed by “a”, “d” or “r”.

Examples:

influenceable 9flu;eable

experienced exp]I;ed

silencer sil;er

ness

“ess” is sometimes added to a noun to make it feminine. If the original

noun ends in “en” or “in”, DO NOT use the final-letter groupsign for “ness”.

Use the groupsigns “in” or “en” instead.

Examples:

lioness lio;s

baroness b>o;s

But:

chieftainess *iefta9ess

citizeness citiz5ess

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Practice 20

France distance henceforward sentences chance innocence fence

whence penitence glance pence ignorance dance thence prance

conclusion discussion occasions affectionate tension station

conviction intentionally invasion decisions fractionated

painless meekness likenesses greatness unless fearlessness

senseless kindnesses heartlessness weakness motherliness bless

actionable recklessness remission exceptional station

patience contentions satisfaction instances stainless hence

spiritless fatherless vocations lordliness nameless timeless powerless

workless fusion worldliness openmindedness aloneness relation

mean-spiritedness maintenance motion concoction blessedness lance

licence righthandedness lawless insertion liveliness elation

trance confusion conditional visionary perfection friction

gentleness pranced forgiveness allowance appreciation.

A world of difference; Works of fiction; in succession;

without distinction. Attention! Lessons in elocution;

A sin of omission rather than that of commission; By his

compulsion. Provision both for offence and for defence.

Revised January 2022 - 105 - UEB Training Manual

Extra Practice 20

Fortunately he had the presence of mind to

call an ambulance when he realised she was

completely senseless. There is a chance that her

chosen profession will be a blessing to her. When they

had balanced their finances, they perceived that it was

useless to retain their ancestral possessions

if their bills were to be paid and they were to remain

solvent. She learned to dance in only a few

lessons. Patience and confidence are necessary for those

who wish to become teachers. He studied the question

with a thoroughness that defies description. She

has applied for the position of governess

advertised in the Sunday edition of “The Times”. The

twelve prisoners were sentenced to hard labour

for eight years. Those days were filled with happiness

for both of them. Our flight was cancelled because

of bad weather and deteriorating conditions.

Revised January 2022 - 106 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 21

Second Group of

Final-Letter Groupsigns

ound

dots 4 6 and d

ount

dots 4 6 and t

ong

dots 5 6 and g

ment

dots 5 6 and t

Examples:

flounder fl.d] wound w.d

mountain m.ta9 recount rec.t

longer l;g] tongue t;gue

dugong dug;g dementia de;tia

battlement battle;t

temperamental temp]a;tal

But:

mental m5tal

above-men tion ed abv-m5;n$

grey'ound grey'\nd

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Practice 21

Astounding compounds profoundness dumbfounded surroundings

spongecake alongside strong-mindedness thronged song

countenance counterbalances countrified discount mound bounty

complimentary commencement advancement demented sentiment

government employment argumentative measurement around

comments commandment counterpart disappointment departmental

To the detriment of the movement for improvement of the

country-side. An arrangement for much quicker payment.

With references to the agreement for conveyance of the two

tenements above-mentioned, our main impression remains

that among the documents that he found in the possession of

the Estate Management some supplementary statements

had been discovered of great importance to all of our

tenants. If we are right in our conclusion, then it will

be very strong evidence that a wrong date was fixed for the

ejectment of our clients. And now so in accordance with

this contention we shall maintain that you are bound to countermand

the ejectment order in acknowledgment of all their rights.

Extra Practice 21

From the top of the mountain the view of the country for

miles around is just an endless stretch of in-

describable beauty. There are countless instances

during the year when the rainfall is far less

than the amount needed. The advertisement brought

more business to the town, and the existence of a strong,

important company came to public attention.

She cancelled her appointment and mounted the stairs

in silence. “The Snake Pit” depicts the

horrible, shocking conditions in some of our mental

institutions, north and south. “I can cite count-

less instances in which capital punishment has

resulted in the execution of the wrong man,”

declared the defence lawyer.

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LESSON 22

Third Group of Final-Letter Groupsigns

ful

dots 5 6 and l

ity

dots 5 6 and y

Do not use the final-letter groupsign “ity” in the words biscuity, fruity,

hoity-toity and rabbity, as it impedes correct pronunciation.

Examples:

useful use;l delightful deli<t;l

beautifully b1uti;lly

city c;y quantity quant;y

cityscape c;yscape

But:

full full fulfil fulfil

fruity

fruity biscuity biscuity

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Practice 22

Frightfully doubtful restfulness handfuls disgracefully

conversationally internationally preparations pitiful

city mentality university regularity sincerity pity

addition, subtraction, multiplication and division

temperamentally fearful of consequences; naturally

resentful of such indignity; a real possibility of

their confirmation of the majority vote for revocation.

After consultation and long deliberation the delegations

finally made several strong recommendations, which for

the most part sought to increase co-operation amongst the

world's nations without the necessity for legislation by

the national governments concerned. As such, the education

authority aimed at the equality of opportunity for

all. Janet handled the sails both gracefully and

skilfully—a really quite wonderful demonstration of

splendid dexterity, especially in someone so young.

Extra Practice 22

With the appearance of the soloist the audience waited

in silence for his first beautiful song. The existence

of a white man among the native population was

given full publicity. There is an unusually

cordial relationship among the workers in the

department. The youngest child automatically assumed

responsibility for the care of the motherless lamb. The

delegation was thankful for the opportunity to hear

the comments of a professionally trained lawyer.

Finally he recognized the mournful sound in the

distance and gasped: “O Lord! the blood'ounds are

on my trail!” Britain was a faithful ally

of the United States during two world wars. He

parried the blow with the skilful agility of an

experienced fencer. He discharged his marital

obligations more or less faithfully. Usually the

Baroness served a fruity beverage.

Revised January 2022 - 110 - UEB Training Manual

New Arrangement of

Practice Exercises

Lesson 22 completes the learning of contractions. Lessons 23-30

introduce other UEB signs required in braille transcription and their rules of

use. Lesson 31 provides an opportunity to transcribe longer passages with

reference to the

Australian Braille Authority Rules and Guidelines for

Formatting Braille,

2016. These may differ to the rules set by other braille

authorities.

A braille reference section summarising many of the rules that have been

introduced is included at the back of this Manual. It gives guidance for word

division and includes Braille Tables and the Shortform Extension List.

Page Layout

Practice and Extra Practice exercises 1-22 were brailled line for line,

following the print. Practice and Extra Practice exercises 23-30 should be

brailled using paragraph formatting. Begin each new braille line as necessary,

regardless of where the text falls on the print line.

The navigation line at the top of the first page remains unchanged and

the Practice exercise heading is still to be centred on line 2.

Begin the exercise on line 3.

A new paragraph in braille is ALWAYS indented 2 cells, regardless of the

method of showing a new paragraph in print. Begin the paragraph in cell 3 of

the line. Second and subsequent lines begin at the margin in cell 1.

Paragraphs are NEVER separated with a blank line, even if one appears in

print.

A centred line (dot 5 followed by 11 dots 2 and 5) is used to indicate the

completion of each Practice exercise. This line is used to indicate the

completion of a major section of a document. It is not required if the section

or document finishes on line 25 (the last line of the page).

Word division should be avoided. Divide words only if necessary,

following the guidelines given in the section on Word Division on page 200.

Revised January 2022 - 111 - UEB Training Manual

Second Braille Page

Some of the Practice exercises may occupy more than a single sheet of

braille paper.

The navigation line is positioned at the top of the second and

subsequent braille pages, as for Practice exercises 1-22.

The print page number on the left has a prefix “a” placed immediately

before the numeric prefix to show continuation. Subsequent pages increment

to “b”, “c” and so on, if required.

Example:

a#abd (Continuation of print page 124.)

The braille page number on the right increments to 2.

A running title is centred on the navigation line. This should be the name

and number of the Practice exercise. This is repeated on subsequent pages.

Resume the exercise on line 2.

Example:

This example shows the beginning of a second braille page. The first

braille page ended in the middle of a paragraph. The two-cell indent on line 4

shows the beginning of the next paragraph.

a#abf ,lesson #bc #b

n requir$ if ! brl f9i%es on l9e #be "<!

la/ l9e ( ! page">4

,^w divi;n %d 2 avoid$4 ,divide ^ws

only if nec1 foll[+ ! guidel9es 444

Revised January 2022 - 112 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 23

More Punctuation

This lesson completes all the punctuation signs.

The new punctuation signs introduced in this lesson may be used with

wordsigns and shortforms.

Dash and Long Dash

Dash ,- dot 6, dots 3 and 6

Long dash ",- dot 5, dot 6, dots 3 and 6

The dash was introduced in Lesson 10. UEB also has a sign for a long

dash.

The dash and long dash can define the beginning or end of a word for

the purpose of the Standing Alone Rule that governs the use of wordsigns

and shortforms.

A variety of dash lengths is used in print. Follow the guidelines below for

the use of the dash and long dash when brailling the Practice exercises.

(1) According to Australian formatting conventions, a dash joining two

phrases or concepts is brailled unspaced from the words that precede and

follow it. Refer to Lesson 10 on page 48. If the sequence needs to be broken

across two braille lines, the braille dash may be positioned either at the end

or beginning of the braille line. The Lower Sign Rule needs to be considered

with lower contractions.

Modern electronically-produced texts often show a small space on each

side of the dash. It is recommended in Australia that dashes are transcribed

unspaced where the print format of the dash is not significant.

Revised January 2022 - 113 - UEB Training Manual

(2) A dash may be used to represent a break in conversation or thought,

or the beginning of a thought. Dashes may be used at the beginning or end

of poetry lines. A braille dash is used, unless the print uses a longer dash, to

show omission of a word or part of a word as shown in (3) and (4) below.

Examples:

“I'll go when—” 8,I'll g :5,-0

—It's in black ,-,x's 9 black

screech ing flocks— scree*+ flocks,-

(3) A longer dash may be used in print to represent the omission of a

whole word. Use the braille long dash and space it as any other word.

Examples:

It happened in ⸺. ,x happ5$ 9 ",-4

Go ⸺ now! ,g ",- n[6

(4) A longer dash may be used in print to represent the omission of part

of a word. Use the braille long dash, unspaced from the remainder of the

word. The whole sequence must stay together and not be broken across two

lines of braille. Do NOT use wordsigns or groupsigns before or after the long

dash where they may be misread. Refer to the lesson on the grade 1 symbol

indicator on page 139.

Example:

“I th⸺!” 8,I th",-60

NOTE: The groupsign th is NOT used here as it would read as the

wordsign this.

Print sometimes uses four hyphens to show a missing word. Follow the

print and use four hyphens in the braille.

Revised January 2022 - 114 - UEB Training Manual

Quotation Marks

Double quotation marks were introduced in Lesson 8 on page 39.

Single quotation marks are a two-cell sign.

Opening double

“ 8 dots 2 3 and 6

Closing double

” 0 dots 3 and 5 6

Opening single

‘ ,8 dot 6, dots 2 3 and 6

Closing single

’ ,0 dot 6, dots 3 and 5 6

Example:

“Say after me, ‘I will.’”

8,say af me1 ,8,I w4,00

Australian texts often use the single quotation mark in print as the main

or outer quote, and the double quotation marks for inner quotes. It is

permissible and recommended to swap the use of double and single

quotation marks throughout a whole document to ensure the single cell sign

is used predominantly. This may be explained to the reader in a transcriber's

note.

Example:

‘Say after me, “I will.” ’

8,say af me1 ,8,I w4,00

Follow the print pattern where there is a quote within an inner quote.

Example:

“Did you say he said ‘Repeat after me, “I will.”’?”

8,Did y say he sd ,8,Rep1t

af me1 8,I w40,080

Revised January 2022 - 115 - UEB Training Manual

Where a double quotation mark is in a position where it could be

misread as a question mark or wordsign, use the two-cell double quotation

mark for both the opening and closing quotation marks.

Two-cell opening double

“ ^8 dots 4 5, dots 2 3 and 6

Two-cell closing double

” ^0 dots 4 5, dots 3 and 5 6

Examples:

box“es”

box^8es^0

The quotation marks “ and ” ⸺

,! quota;n m>ks ^8 & ^0 ",-

More information on the use of quotation marks may be found in the

update to Section 7.6 dated October 8, 2019 of

The Rules of Unified English

Braille: Second Edition

2013, which is available for download from

http://www.iceb.org.

Ellipsis ...

444 dots 2 and 5 6 (full stop) in successive cells

The ellipsis is a succession of dots in print (usually three) and is

generally used to denote omitted words or a break. It is represented in braille

by dots 2 and 5 6 (full stop) in consecutive cells.

The number of dots and print spacing should be followed. However,

where there is doubt, the ellipsis and any punctuation attached to it should

be spaced as a separate word.

Example:

“I wish .... He ...”

8,I wi% 4444 ,He 4440

Revised January 2022 - 116 - UEB Training Manual

Square Brackets [ ]

Opening bracket .< dots 4 6, dots 1 2 and 6

Closing bracket

.> dots 4 6, dots 3 and 4 5

Example:

[Aside] .<,aside.>

Braces or Curly Bracket Signs { }

Opening brace _< dots 4 5 6, dots 1 2 and 6

Closing brace

_> dots 4 5 6, dots 3 and 4 5

Transcriber's Note Indicators

Opening Transcriber's Note Indicator

@.< dot 4, dots 4 6, dots 1 2 and 6

Closing Transcriber's Note Indicator

@.> dot 4, dots 4 6, dots 3 and 4 5

Transcriber's notes have no actual print representation. They are

messages added by a transcriber to give additional information not found in

the original print.

These indicators are included here as they have a similar form to

brackets. Wordsigns and shortforms may be used with Transcriber's Note

Indicators.

Example:

[tni]The original text is unreadable at this point.[tni]

@.<,! orig9al text is

unr1dable at ? po9t4@.>

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Summary of the Rules of Punctuation

The following rules relate to the use of punctuation in standard literary

material.

These do not relate to computer programming and similar material

where the relative spacing of punctuation signs is vitally important to the

reader. Refer to

Unified English Braille, Guidelines for Technical Material

October 2008 and

The Rules of Unified English Braille: Second Edition

2013.

(1) The order in which punctuation marks occur in print should be followed

in braille.

(2) Punctuation signs that are connected with a word (including all quote

signs, whether simple or compound and all forms of brackets) should be

brailled unspaced from that word, no matter how the symbols are

spaced in the print.

(3) Two or more punctuation signs in sequence are written unspaced from

one another.

(4) The components of two-cell signs must NOT be divided.

(5) It is permissible to have a string of lower punctuation signs without an

upper sign. The Lower Sign Rule summarised in Lesson 14 applies only

where lower contractions form part of the sequence.

Examples:

…! 4446

…” 4440

Revised January 2022 - 118 - UEB Training Manual

(6) Use a grade 1 symbol indicator before a punctuation sign that could be

misread as a contraction or another symbol.

grade 1 symbol indicator

; dots 5 6 (refer to page 139)

Examples:

b!d b;6d .com ;4com

“?” 8;80 (? this) "<;8 ?">

? France ;8 ,fr.e

?uestion ;8ues;n

But:

cr?te cr8te

lesson.doc lesson4doc

who?/what? :o8_/:at8

Revised January 2022 - 119 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 23

“I don't really understand,” he said, “how they came to hit upon ‘The

Pines’. It's an out-of-the-way sort of place that one would think a gentleman

couldn't rightly take a fancy to.”

“‘The Pines’ suited this party right enough,” rejoined the little man. “All

that he was after was a house close to the water. He wasn't particular about

anything else, so long as he had that.”

“Well,” replied the landlord in a tone of some superiority, “I suppose,

being a ‘foreigner’, he can't be used to much comfort, and there was enough

for him and his niece to ...” He stopped, to my intense annoyance, to serve a

customer who had just come in. Hoping, however, for still more information

about the young lady, I continued to listen to the conversation at the other

end of the bar, while pretending to glance at a paper in front of me—a

weekly rag—which seemed to consist principally of advertisements.

“That ‘foreigner’,” the landlord continued, “will find ‘The Pines’ a little

damp though, I'm thinking.”

“That's his look-out,” replied the other. “Anyhow, he's paid us six

months' rent in advance ....”

Revised January 2022 - 120 - UEB Training Manual

Extra Practice 23

Cat was quite glad when lessons started again—he was sick of changing

places with Janet, and Julia's handkerchief must have been worn to rags with

the number of knots tied in it.

After lessons, he and Janet collected the two magic books and took them

up to Cat's room. Janet looked round it with admiration.

“I like this room much better than mine, it's cheerful. Mine makes me

feel like Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella, and they were both such sickeningly

sweet girls ... Now let's get down to work. What's a really simple spell?”

They knelt on the floor, leafing through a book each. “I wish I could find

how to turn buttons into sovereigns,” said Cat. “Don't talk about it,” said

Janet. “I'm at my wits' end. How about this? ‘Simple flotation exercise. Take

a small mirror and lay it so that your face is visible in it. Keeping face visible,

move around widdershins three times, twice silently willing, the third time

saying: “Rise little mirror, rise in air, rise to my head and then stay there.”

Mirror should then rise’—I think you ought to be able to manage that, Cat.”

“I'll have a go,” Cat said dubiously.

[Adapted from “Charmed Life” by Diana Wynne Jones.]

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LESSON 24

Numbers and Print Symbols

Numeric prefix # dots 3 and 4 5 6

Arabic digits (1-9 and 0) are represented in braille by the letters a–i and

j where they are immediately preceded by the numeric prefix. Numbers were

introduced in Lesson 1 and the Practice exercises have provided opportunity

to practise their use with page numbers.

#a 10 #aj 206 #bjf

Numeric Mode

Numeric mode is set by the numeric prefix immediately followed by the

letters a-j, decimal point, or comma. Numeric mode continues over any given

group of:

• Digits

• Full stop or decimal point

• Comma

• Numeric space

• Simple fraction line

• Continuation indicator

Numeric mode is terminated by a space or any symbol that is not in the

above list.

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Large Numbers

Thousands in large numbers are often separated in print by a comma, a

space or half-space to make them easier to read. The braille follows the print

in use of separation symbols and spaces.

The comma has already been introduced in Lesson 2.

Spaces within large numbers should be represented in braille by the

numeric space.

Comma

1 dot 2

Numeric space " dot 5

Examples:

4500000 #dejjjjj

4,500,000 #d1ejj1jjj

4 500 000 #d"ejj"jjj

Continuation Indicator

Continuation indicator " dot 5

It may be necessary to divide an EXTREMELY long numeral at the end of

a braille line. This is done after the comma or numeric space.

The continuation indicator may only be used at the end of a braille line.

Its use indicates that the numeral continues to the next line and the

numeric prefix is NOT restated at the beginning of the new line.

The continuation indicator is also used to break long mathematical

expressions and electronic addresses. Refer to page 133.

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Examples:

The sun is 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 degrees.

,! sun is #ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1"

jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj

degrees4

or:

The sun is 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 degrees.

,! sun is #ajj"jjj"jjj"jjj""

jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj

degrees4

NOTE: The continuation indicator with a space is used where the

numeric space occurs at the end of a braille line. The numeric space and the

continuation indicator are both brailled, giving two dot 5s in succession.

Hyphenated Numbers

The influence of numeric mode does not extend past a hyphen or dash.

The numeric prefix must be restated following the hyphen or dash where two

groups of figures are joined in the print copy, for example, 10-12 or 10–12.

A numeric sequence following a hyphen or a dash may be broken and

continued on the next line.

Examples:

1796-9 #agif-#i

1768–1830

#agfh,-#ahcj

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Grade 1 Mode with Numbers

Grade 1 mode and the grade 1 indicator, ; dots 5 6, are explained in

more detail in Lesson 25.

Grade 1 mode means that no contractions may be used or read.

Numeric mode also sets grade 1 mode until the next space, hyphen or

dash.

Example:

ready4work r1dy#dwork

But:

4-more #d-m

NOTE: Grade 1 mode is terminated by the hyphen.

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal numbers should be brailled without space between the number

and its suffix. Contractions are NOT used, as numeric mode also sets grade 1

mode. The superscript position is generally ignored if shown in print.

Examples:

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

#ast #bnd #crd #dth

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Fractions

Simple Numeric Fractions

Simple numeric fraction line / dots 3 and 4

A simple numeric fraction contains only numbers, decimal points,

commas or the numeric space. The print shows the numerator and

denominator aligned vertically or near-vertically, separated by a fraction line.

Refer to

Unified English Braille, Guidelines for Technical Material

October

2008, for complex fractions that have other symbols or alphabetic letters.

The numeric fraction line symbol is placed between the numerator and

denominator. The numeric prefix is not restated, as the simple fraction line

does not terminate numeric mode.

Examples:

#a/e

#c/e

000 10

#dj/aj"jjj

5.7

2,000

#e4g/b1jjj

Linear Fractions

The forward slash may be used where a fraction is shown in a linear

form. The forward slash is introduced on page 132. The slash terminates

numeric mode and the numeric prefix is restated after the slash.

Example:

3/4 #c_/#d

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Mixed Numbers

Mixed numbers are treated as two unspaced numeric items. The whole

number and fraction each retain their numeric prefix.

Examples:

2½ 3¾

#b#a/b #c#c/d #d#e/af

A hyphen or dash terminates numeric mode. The numeric prefix is

repeated where two mixed numbers are connected by a hyphen or dash.

Example:

6½–7¾ #f#a/b,-#g#c/d

Decimals

Decimal sign 4 dots 2 and 5 6 (same as full stop)

This sign represents the decimal point in print and does not terminate

numeric mode.

Braille the numeric prefix before the decimal in numbers that commence

with a decimal.

Examples:

0.7 #j4g 7.95 #g4ie

.7 #4g

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Dates and Time

Print punctuation and spacing should be followed.

Examples:

Feb. 1, 1906 ,feb4 #a1 #aijf

1st February 1906 #ast ,Febru>y #aijf

Rules for the use of hyphens, oblique strokes, colons or full stops should

be followed where dates and times are abbreviated. The numeric prefix

needs to be restated after a hyphen, colon or slash, as these symbols

terminate numeric mode.

Examples:

1.2.06 #a4b4jf

1-2-06 #a-#b-#jf

1/2/06 #a_/#b_/#jf

10.30 a.m.

#aj4cj a4m4

10.30 am #aj4cj am

12:15 p.m. #ab3#ae p4m4

1800 hours #ahjj h\rs

18.00 #ah4jj

18:00 #ah3#jj

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The apostrophe is brailled before the numeric prefix where an

apostrophe precedes a number.

Example:

'14 '#ad

Follow the print for the use of an apostrophe before an “s”.

Examples:

1920's #aibj's 1920s #aibjs

Mathematical Signs

Operation Signs

Operation signs are generally brailled unspaced from their surrounding

terms.

plus +

"6 dot 5, dots 2 3 and 5

Example:

3 + 4 #c"6#d

minus −

"- dot 5, dots 3 and 6

Example:

4 − 3 #d"-#c

multiply ×

"8 dot 5, dots 2 3 and 6

Example:

3 × 4 #c"8#d

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divide ÷ "/ dot 5, dots 3 and 4

Example:

4 ÷ 2 #d"/#b

ratio :

3 dots 2 and 5 (same as colon)

Example:

2 : 4 #b3#d

Comparison Signs

Comparison signs are generally brailled spaced from their surrounding

terms.

equals =

"7 dot 5, dots 2 3 and 5 6

Example:

5 + 2 = 7 #e"6#b "7 #g

NOTE: The operation signs shown above are unspaced from the

preceding and following terms. However, as a teaching strategy and for a

short period of time, the use of extra space may be helpful for the younger

learner.

Example:

#c "6 #e "7 #h

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Other Symbols

The following are symbols and NOT punctuation. Wordsigns and

shortforms may NOT be used if print symbols are included within the

continuous string of characters between spaces, hyphens or dashes.

An additional list of symbols can be found on page 193.

The following symbols are spaced as in print.

Ampersand &

@& dot 4, dots 1 2 3 and 4 6 (dot 4, and)

Examples:

Cobb & Co. ,cobb @& ,co4

@&c

O&M ,o@&,m

Asterisk *

"9 dot 5, dots 3 and 5

The asterisk is normally used as a general reference symbol.

A centred line of three spaced asterisks is often used to represent a

break in the text.

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“At” Sign @

@a dot 4, dot 1 (dot 4, a)

Examples:

@ 50 cents each @a #ej c5ts ea*

admin@printdisability.org

adm9@apr9tdisabil;y4org

Bullet •

_4 dots 4 5 6, dots 2 and 5 6

The bullet is often used to mark the beginning of each item in a list. Like

print, a space is normally left between a bullet and the following word.

Percent %

.0 dots 4 6, dots 3 and 5 6 (dots 4 6, lower j or zero)

The percent sign is generally unspaced from a preceding number.

Example:

5% #e.0

Slash: Backslash \

_* dots 4 5 6, dots 1 and 6

Example:

c:\data c3_*data

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Slash: Forward Slash /

_/ dots 4 5 6, dots 3 and 4

The forward slash is spaced or unspaced depending on print usage. It

may start or end a braille line.

The forward slash terminates numeric mode. The numeric prefix is

required for a numeral following a slash.

Wordsigns and shortforms may NOT be used with the forward slash.

Examples:

and/or &_/or

17/3/06 #ag_/#c_/#jf

more/less more_/less

Tilde ~

@9 dot 4, dots 3 and 5

Underscore (low line) _

.- dots 4 6, dots 3 and 6

Example:

http://www2/~kathy_/

http3_/_/www#b_/@9kathy.-_/

NOTE: No contractions are used following the number in the email

address as numeric mode also sets grade 1 mode.

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Electronic Addresses

Electronic addresses follow the standard rules of contraction, as shown

in previous examples as well the examples below. Underlining of electronic

addresses in print is generally ignored.

Numeric mode also sets grade 1 mode, therefore no contractions are

used following a number until the next hyphen, dash or space.

Example:

www.shopping4you.com/clothing

www4%opp+#dyou4com_/clothing

Contractions may not be used to bridge two unspaced words or the

components of a compound word within electronic addresses.

Example:

roundtableadm[email protected]

r.dtableadm9@abigpond4com

Electronic addresses usually contain symbols, as well as punctuation

signs such as the dot separator, that are NOT in their standard grammatical

position. Wordsigns and shortforms are generally NOT used in electronic

addresses.

Example:

www.braille.org www4braille4org

www.behindtime.com

www4beh9d"t4com

The continuation indicator introduced on page 122 is also used where an

electronic address needs to be broken at the end of a braille line. A break

should occur at a logical point, for example, after a dividing symbol, such as

a slash, “at”, underscore or dot.

Example:

iceb.org/guidelines_for_technical_material_2014.pdf

iceb4org_/guidel9es.-=.-"

te*nical.-mat]ial.-#bjad4pdf

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The following exercise uses bullet points. Each bullet point begins in cell

1. Treat each line of the arithmetic as a new paragraph to begin in cell 3.

Practice 24

• 25 times 100 comes to 2,500.

• 5% of 1,000 is 50.

• Divide 15¾ by 3 and you get 5¼.

1 + 2 = 3. 4 + 5 = 9.

6 + 7 = 13. 8 + 9 = 17.

5 − 5 = 0. 25 − 10½ = 14½.

3 × 2 = 6. 5 × 7 = 35.

85 ÷ 5 = 17. 969 ÷ 3 = 323.

The 4 Quarter Days are on the 25th day of the 3rd month, the 24th day

of the 6th month, the 29th day of the 9th month, and the 25th day of the

12th month.

Smith & Jones, the local grocers, sell all kinds of fruit and vegetables,

etc. This week they have a 12.5% discount on apples (@ 56 pence per

pound) & oranges, if you buy more than 2.5 pounds of either.

Flight no. 235/71 was due to leave Gatwick airport at 23:45 but severe

fog delayed departure by 55 minutes. The plane eventually took off at 00:40

and landed at 02:35, which was only 45 minutes behind schedule.

A Unified English Braille chart can be downloaded from

http://www.duxburysystems.com/braillechart.asp.

Send an email to harry[email protected]g.

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Extra Practice 24

10 + 11 = 21

9,762 − 4,601 = 5,161

½ × 6

= 3

12¾ ÷ 3 = 4¼

On Friday June the 26th, from 2.30 p.m.–5.30 p.m. (that is 14.30–17.30

according to the 24-hour clock) they will be interviewing people for the new

job; the successful applicant will start work on Wednesday July the 22nd.

The ballistics expert determined that death had been caused by a .32

automatic.

In 1931-2 the principal causes of accidents were: vehicles—40%; at

home—22.5%; sports and recreation—15.4%; pedestrians—8.3%; travel—

6.6%.

Thursday, 8/3/84 was the date on the letter, and it was posted at 10.30

a.m. at the General Post Office; but he did not receive it till Saturday, March

10th, whereas he ought to have received it by the second post on the 9th; so

he did not get home till 6.30 p.m. on the 11th, and the races were to begin

at 3.15, 4.20 and 5.30 respectively.

The Unified English Braille Rulebook can be downloaded from

http://www.iceb.org/ueb.html.

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LESSONS 25–27

Braille Mode Indicators

Braille mode indicators change the meaning of the following braille signs

or indicate an aspect of the following text. They have no direct print

equivalents. The following lessons introduce the most commonly used

indicators.

Lesson 25: Capitals Indicators

Grade 1 Indicators

Lesson 26: Typeform Indicators: Italic, Bold, Underline, Script

Lesson 27: Use of Capitals Indicators

Transcriber's Note Indicators were introduced with additional

punctuation on page 116.

Accented letters are not introduced until Lesson 30, but are referred to

below.

Order of Braille Indicators and Other Signs

Indicators, accents, punctuation and other signs that are brailled before

a word are placed in the following order from left to right:

1. typeform indicator

2. grade 1 indicator

3. apostrophe

4. numeric prefix

5. capitals indicator or decimal sign

6. accent sign

Terminators brailled after a word are placed in the reverse order of their

respective opening indicators. This is known as nesting.

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LESSON 25

Capitalisation and Grade 1 Mode

Capitals Mode Indicators

For further explanation, refer to Section 8 of

The Rules of Unified English

Braille: Second Edition

2013.

The capitals mode indicators are briefly presented here. Further

explanation is given in Lesson 27.

Capital letter indicator , dot 6

Capitalised word indicator

,, dot 6, dot 6

Capitalised passage indicator

,,, dot 6, dot 6, dot 6

Capitals terminator

,' dot 6, dot 3

Capital Letter Indicator

A SINGLE dot 6 indicates a single capital letter.

Capitalised Word Indicator

The capitalised word indicator sets capitals mode for the rest of the

word, including contractions, accented letters and ligatured letters. It

terminates at a space, any non-alphabetic symbol, or a capital letter

indicator.

Examples:

CAPITAL ,,CAPITAL MORE ,,M

WAS ,,0 BRAILLE ,,BRL

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Capitalised Passage Indicator/

Capitals Terminator

The capitalised passage indicator sets capitals mode for three or more

fully capitalised words in sequence. The passage must end with a capitals

terminator.

Example:

GO TO BED!!

,,,G TO B$66,'

Non-alphabetic symbols may be included within a capitalised passage.

Example:

TYPE AT 60 WPM

,,,TYPE AT #FJ WPM,'

The capitals terminator is also used where capitalisation ceases in the

middle of a word.

Example:

GPs ,,gp,'s

Grade 1 Mode Indicators

For further explanation, refer to Section 5 of

The Rules of Unified English

Braille: Second Edition

2013.

Grade 1 symbol indicator

; dots 5 6

Grade 1 word indicator

;; dots 5 6, dots 5 6

Grade 1 passage indicator

;;; dots 5 6, dots 5 6, dots 5 6

Grade 1 terminator

;' dots 5 6, dot 3

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Contracted braille is known as grade 2 braille. Uncontracted braille is

known as grade 1 braille.

A braille symbol may have different meanings depending on the mode.

For example, dots 1 and 4 represent the letter “c” in grade 1 mode;

represent the word “can” when standing alone in grade 2 mode; and

represent the digit “3” in numeric mode.

Grade 1 indicators are used to set grade 1 mode when a symbol could

otherwise be misread as a contraction or a numeral.

The type of grade 1 indicator used determines the extent of the grade 1

mode.

Grade 1 Symbol Indicator

A grade 1 symbol indicator is required in front of a single letter that

could be misread as a wordsign, or a letters-sequence that could be misread

as a shortform, or a shortform at the beginning of a longer word.

Examples:

U-boat ;,u-boat (not “us-boat”)

al dente ;al d5te (not “also dente”)

I l⸺ ,i ;l",- (not “I like⸺”)

But:

Gdansk ,Gdansk

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The letters “a”, “i” and “o” do not require a grade 1 symbol indicator, as

they do not have an equivalent alphabetic wordsign and cannot be misread.

Example:

The vowels a, e, i, o and u

,! v[els a1 ;e1 i1 o & ;u

A grade 1 symbol indicator is required before a punctuation symbol that

could be misread as a lower wordsign or groupsign.

Examples:

? many ;8 _m

girls:boys girls;3boys

The grade 1 symbol indicator terminates numeric mode. A grade 1

symbol indicator is required before a lower case letter, a-j, where it

immediately follows a number or decimal point. An indicator is not required

for any other letter of the alphabet or the uppercase letters, A-J, as these

have no numeric meaning.

Examples:

row 22b r[ #bb;b

activ8ing

activ#h;ing

prac24.doc prac#bd4;doc

But:

row 22B r[#bb,b

4tune

#dtune

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Grade 1 Word Indicator

A space terminates grade 1 word mode.

The grade 1 word indicator is used for spelled out words to minimise the

number of indicators required and improve the ease of reading.

Example:

c-h-e-e-s-e ;;c-h-e-e-s-e

Rather than:

c-h-e-e-s-e ;c-;h-;e-;e-;s-;e

The grade 1 word indicator is required if a word could be misread as a

word on the Shortform Extension List and the shortform is not at the

beginning of the word.

Example:

ozbrl ;;ozbrl

Grade 1 Passage Indicator/Grade 1 Terminator

Grade 1 passage mode is used for three words or more. A grade 1

passage must be terminated by the grade 1 terminator.

Example:

s-t-o-p r-i-g-h-t n-o-w

;;;s-t-o-p r-i-g-h-t n-o-w;'

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Further Examples

Single letters used as designations for persons, points or objects follow

the above rules.

Examples:

From p to q.

,f ;p to ;q4

A and B met at Z.

,a & ;,b met at ;,z4

Single initials, except A, I and O, must be preceded by the grade 1

symbol indicator, regardless of whether full stops are used.

Examples:

J S Bach ;,j ;,s ,ba*

J. S. Bach ;,j4 ;,s4 ,ba*

The grade 1 indicator is not required where capital letters are written as

a group, unless the letter group could be misread as a contraction or

shortform.

Example:

The angle ABC ,! angle ,,abc

But:

The line CD. ,! l9e ;,,cd4

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Apostrophe

Alphabetic wordsigns may be used where a word is followed by 'd, 'll, 're,

's, 't or 've, as stated in Lesson 7. A grade 1 symbol is required before a

single letter followed by any of these endings to distinguish it from an

alphabetic wordsign.

Examples:

Mind your p's and q's

,m9d yr ;p's & ;q's

Miss J's pupils

,miss ;,j's pupils

Miss Just's pupils

,miss ,j's pupils

Roman Numerals

Roman numerals follow the rules for capitals and the grade 1 indicator.

Follow the print in the use of a full stop.

Examples:

v ;v iii iii

X ;,x XI ,,xi

X. ;,x4 VI.'s ,,vi4's

A grade 1 indicator is required following a hyphen or dash where a

subsequent Roman numeral could be misread as a wordsign.

The hyphen or dash terminates capitals mode. Capitals indicators may

need to be restated.

Examples:

v-x ;v-;x X–XX ;,x,-,,xx

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Ordinal Roman Numerals

Roman numerals are not in numeric mode, so contractions may be used

for ordinal numbers.

Examples:

Ist ,i/ Vth ,v?

Ordinal Roman numerals using the capitalised word indicator should be

separated from their suffixes by the capitals terminator.

Examples:

IIIrd ,,iii,'rd

XXXIst ,,xxxi,'/

Sections and Sub-divisions

Letters used for sections or sub-divisions are sometimes enclosed in

brackets. The grade 1 indicator, if required, immediately follows the opening

bracket. The whole group is spaced as a word.

Examples:

(b) "<;b"> (B) "<;,b">

But:

(a) "<a"> (A) "<,a">

NOTE: A grade 1 indicator is NOT required before a, i and o.

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Practice 25

Here are some dates for you to remember: Edward I. 1272-1307;

Edward II. 1307-1327; and Edward III. 1327-1377. Edward III.'s grandson

Richard II. reigned from 1377 to 1399; after him came Henry IV. 1399-1413.

For tomorrow I should like you to read Gardiner's “History of England”,

Vol. II., Chapters XXIV-XXVI, on Henry VIII.'s reign.

He gave to A gold—to B silver—to C tin—to D copper.

“We could pay Mr B⸺ then.”

Her duties are: (a) to open the post; (b) to answer the phone; (c) to

receive visitors; and (d) to take dictation.

J E Randall, G R Allen, and R C Steene wrote “Fishes of the Great Barrier

Reef and Coral Sea”.

On February 13 of 1931 the RVS signed an order to accept for Red Army

service the “Vickers E” light tank under the new designation of T-26 and

recommended to start its mass production.

Save your work using the following filename: Practice25.docx.

Extra Practice 25

Little J. has learned to write his ABC's but he sometimes forgets to cross

his t's and dot his i's.

The patient was given a large T-bone steak to eat before the second set

of X-rays were taken.

Next year he will be in class 6A.

Pope John XXIIIrd did much to promote the ecumenical movement.

Charles I. (1600-1649) was beheaded by the Parliamentary faction in

England.

Vol. VI. of the collected works of Shakespeare contains my favourite

play, “As You Like It”, whilst vols XII-XIII contain the sonnets.

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LESSON 26

Typeform Indicators

For further explanation, refer to Section 9 of

The Rules of Unified English

Braille: Second Edition

2013.

UEB uses typeform indicators to represent four different print typefaces:

• Italics

• Bold

• Underline

• Script (may be used for handwriting)

Although UEB provides the facility to indicate typefaces, a balance needs

to be met between conveying information to the reader and adding clutter to

the braille. For example, headings are not normally shown as bold in braille,

even though a print copy may use bold. The formatting of the braille is

usually sufficient indication of a heading.

Typeform indicators are two-cell symbols where the first cell (prefix)

determines the typeform style and the second cell (root) determines the

extent of the typeform.

Indicators

Italic

Bold Underline

Script

Symbol

.2 ^2 _2 @2

Word

.1 ^1 _1 @1

Passage

.7 ^7 _7 @7

Terminator

.' ^' _' @'

Typeform Symbol Indicator

The typeform symbol indicator applies to a single letter or symbol.

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A typeform symbol indicator before a contraction applies only to the first

letter of the contraction. A contraction is not used if any letter other than the

first letter of the contraction requires a typeform indicator.

Examples:

right .2b"r

colour colo_2ur

have ^ 2h

NOTE: In this lesson, contractions are not underlined to avoid confusion

with underline print font.

Typeform Word Indicator

The influence of the typeform word indicator extends until the next

space is reached.

Use the typeform word indicator for one or two consecutive words or

unbroken strings of braille symbols. For three or more consecutive words, use

the passage indicator and terminator.

Examples:

The Times

.1,! .1,"ts

We were glad ,we _17 glad

R.S.V.P. ^1,r4,s4,v4,p4

out-of-the-way

.1\ -(-!-way

NOTE: The above example is an unbroken string of letters and symbols,

so only one italic word indicator is required.

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Typeform Passage Indicator/

Typeform Terminator

The typeform passage indicator is used where a typeform applies to

three or more words. This MUST be terminated by the typeform terminator.

The influence of a typeform passage indicator extends to all words,

letters or symbols that follow it, until the typeform terminator sign is reached.

This may extend past a print page turnover (refer to page 182) or a new

braille page.

Example:

Three or more words.

.7,?ree or m ^ws4.'

Multiple Paragraphs/Text Elements

A typeform may extend over more than one paragraph or text element,

for example, a stanza of poetry. An example where this may occur is a letter

written in italics within a novel.

The typeform passage indicator is stated at the beginning of each new

paragraph or text element. The terminator is only required once at the point

where the typeform ends.

Lower Wordsigns/Groupsigns

When applying the Lower Sign Rule, typeform indicators and terminators

are considered upper signs.

Examples:

bein' 2in'

bein'

.129'

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The lower wordsigns be, were , his and was may be used with typeform

indicators and terminators, providing the lower wordsign is not in contact

with lower punctuation.

Examples:

were

glad! ,we .17 glad6

But:

As you were! ^7,z y w]e6^'

Multiple Typeform Indicators

The order of typeform indicators is not prescribed. Typeform indicators

and terminators are nested where two or more different typeforms are

shown. The first typeform to be opened is the last typeform to be closed.

Example:

Anne of Green Gables

.7_7,anne ( ,gre5 ,gables_'.'

Punctuation

A typeform terminator usually follows punctuation, except for paired

punctuation such as quotation marks and brackets.

Example:

It will be sunny tomorrow!!

^7,x w 2 sunny tm66^'

Revised January 2022 - 150 - UEB Training Manual

A terminator is NOT required where a typeform word indicator is used

for a word followed by punctuation.

Example:

Did you watch

Titanic

,did y wat* .1,titanic8

A typeform indicator follows opening punctuation where there is paired

punctuation, for example, quotation marks and brackets. The typeform

terminator, if required, is stated before the closing punctuation, observing the

principles of nesting.

Example:

(

Romeo and Juliet

)

"<.7,romeo & ,Juliet.'">

A series of items, such as book titles printed in italics, bold or underline,

is treated as a continuous typeform passage, ignoring any separating

punctuation. The typeform passage indicator is placed before the first item

and the typeform terminator follows the last item.

Example:

The Soul of War

Back to Life

, etc., are some of the titles.

.7,! ,s\l ( ,w>1 ,back to

,life1.' etc41 >e "s ( !

titles4

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Show all typeforms in the following Practice exercises, except bold in the

exercise heading.

Practice 26

I have a long list of things to see to this morning: call at the High Street,

to return

On the Edge of the Sea;

buy a copy of

Complete Guide to

GARDENING

from the newsagent; and choose a book from among the

following on my library list:

The Way of a Countryman

The Sea Eagle

Fought Them in Gunboats

, and

No Nightingales

, all of which have been

advertised in

The Times

as “new successes”.

This was a never-to-be-forgotten day.

He wanted to insist that it was his; but Brian countered

by insisting

that it was

his

book.

“Then comes

We have taken the twenty-first hall to dwell in. There by

...

I cannot read what. The next line I cannot read. A shaft is mentioned.”

Extra Practice 26

The local Shakespeare society is planning to produce one of the

following plays this season:

Much Ado About Nothing

King Richard III

Hamlet

He took down a heavy book entitled,

The Full Works of Dr. Boom 1816-

1819

. He thumbed through the thick yellow pages.

By disability (as used in the

Social Security Act

) is meant “inability to

engage in substantial gainful activity ...”

The Athenians not only had government of the people and for the

people, but also government by the people.

Revised January 2022 - 152 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 27

Use of Capitals Indicators

Capital Letter Indicator

, dot 6

The capital letter indicator is placed immediately before a letter or

contraction to indicate that the next letter is a capital.

Examples:

O ,o D ;,d

Berlin

,b]l9 Sharon ,%>on

Every ,e Some ,"s

In ,9

R.S.V.P. ,r4 ,s4,v4 ,p4

Capitalised Word Indicator

,, dot 6, dot 6

The capitalised word indicator applies capitalisation to all following

letters, including contractions, accented letters (Lesson 30) and ligatured

letters. The effect of the capitalised word indicator is terminated by a space

or any other non-alphabetic symbol, such as punctuation. It is also

terminated by another capitals indicator or capitals terminator.

Revised January 2022 - 153 - UEB Training Manual

Examples:

EDWARD ,,$w>d

RSVP ,,RSVP

QUITE ,,Q

DipTP ,dip,,tp

AND/OR

,,&_/,,OR

MERRY-GO-ROUND ,,m]ry-,,g-,,r.d

Grade 1 indicators precede capitals indicators.

Example:

CD-ROM ;,,cD-,,ROM

A termination sign should be inserted before a lower case “s” that

immediately follows an abbreviation or word consisting of two or more capital

letters. An apostrophe before the lower case “s” terminates the capitalisation.

Examples:

GPs ,,gp,'s

GP's

,,gp's

But:

Ps and Qs ,ps & ,qs

Revised January 2022 - 154 - UEB Training Manual

When using capitals indicators and terminators within a word, ensure

that the readability of the word is retained.

Examples:

NatWest ,nat,we/ BEd ,b,$

DBEngine ,,DB,5g9e

NOTE: To retain “Engine” in a recognisable form, place a single capital

letter before the “E”. The capital letter indicator terminates capitals word

mode.

Capitalised Passage Indicator/

Capitals Terminator

Capitalised passage indicator ,,, dot 6, dot 6, dot 6

Capitals terminator ,' dot 6, dot 3

A passage is three or more consecutive words. The capitalised passage

indicator is used before the first word of the passage. The capitals terminator

immediately follows the last affected word.

Example:

KEEP OFF THE GRASS.

,,,keep (f ! grass4,'

Revised January 2022 - 155 - UEB Training Manual

Multiple Paragraphs/Text Elements

A capitalised passage may extend over more than one text element, for

example, a series of paragraphs, stanzas of poetry, or list items.

The capitalised passage indicator must be restated at the beginning of

each new paragraph or text element. The capitals terminator is only required

once at the point where capitalisation ends.

A heading that extends over two or more lines is considered a single text

element.

Example:

FORMULA 86 DELAYED

ACTION MOUSE-MAKER

,,,=MULA #GF DELAY$

AC;N M\SE-MAK],'

Text elements do not always constitute a continuous passage, for

example, a series of headings or a capitalised heading followed by a

capitalised paragraph. In this case, each text element is capitalised

separately.

Example:

CHAPTER ONE

THE FIRST WORD

,,*Apt] ,,"O

,,,! F/ ^w,'

Revised January 2022 - 156 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 27

He opened his mouth to reply but a huge BANG! from the cannon behind

him exploded into the air.

Henry VII, his son Henry VIII and his three children Edward VI, Mary I

and Elizabeth I ruled for 118 eventful years.

“HAVE YOU SEEN THE WASHING MACHINE?” yelled Miriam.

Buy a copy of

Complete Guide to LEAs

from the newsagent.

Helmut Lusser DipTP, MRTPI, MIEnvSc was Assistant Director of

Environmental Services at the London Borough of Sutton.

The first Mk I Spitfire was delivered to the RAF in 1938 and the Spitfire

XIX reconnaissance version became the fastest of all the World War II

Spitfires with a speed of nearly 460 mph.

Extra Practice 27

“BOOM!” The test tubes exploded. Never, NEVER, meddle with magic.

After his usurpation of Richard II, Henry IV found it difficult to enforce

his rule. His son, Henry V, fared better.

153 IAP was the first regiment to be re-equipped with the Bell Airacobra

(The Mk. I produced for the RAF but shipped to the USSR instead). They

fought against the Bf109 from II/JG 77.

In WW2 Douglas Bader (KBE DSO DFC) flew a Hurricane Mk I from

Canadian 242 Sq, LE-D V7467, during BoB, September 1940.

Revised January 2022 - 157 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 28

Proper Names and

Print Abbreviations

The following lessons show how the rules already learnt may be applied

in specific situations.

Proper Names and Places

Proper names and places are brailled according to the standard rules for

contractions.

Examples:

Will More ,w ,m

Robert Child ,rob}t ,*

Stafford ,/af=d

Matthews ,mat!ws

Mr Day ,mr ,"d

Ms Young ,ms ,"y

Mr Halliday ,mr ,halli"d

Mr Younghusband ,mr ,"yhusb&

Revised January 2022 - 158 - UEB Training Manual

Shortforms may be used in proper names, regardless of pronunciation,

following the rules for shortforms and longer words on the Shortform

Extension List.

Examples:

Miss Good ,miss ,gd

Mr Goodbody ,mr ,gdbody

Mrs Littlejohn ,mrs ,lljohn

Port Said ,port ,sd

But:

Mr Hapgood ,mr ,hapgood

Ms Linkletter

,ms ,l9klett]

Himalayas ,himalayas

Personal Initials

Personal initials follow the print with regards to spacing and the use of

abbreviation points.

A grade 1 symbol indicator is required where letters may be misread as

alphabetic wordsigns, or where there may be confusion with shortforms.

Contractions may not be used within initials.

Revised January 2022 - 159 - UEB Training Manual

Examples:

Mr. A. B. Smith ,mr4 ,a4 ;,b4 ,smi?

Mr A B Smith ,mr ,a ;,b ,smi?

Mr AB Smith ,mr ;,,ab ,smi?

Mrs OW Jones ,mrs4 ,,ow ,j"os

Mrs. O.W. Jones ,mrs4 ,o4,w4 ,j"os

Print Abbreviations

Transcribe abbreviations with the same capitalisation and spacing as

shown in the print.

Examples:

Rd (Road) ,rd Mr (Mister) ,mr

,,ma AAA ,,aaa

Use a grade 1 symbol indicator where an abbreviation could be misread

as an alphabetic wordsign or shortform.

Examples:

c. 1980 ;c4 #aihj

CD ;,,cd

Revised January 2022 - 160 - UEB Training Manual

A grade 1 symbol indicator is generally not required where an

abbreviation has internal full stops. Letters cannot be misread as wordsigns

where punctuation occurs in the middle of the sequence. Refer to page 139.

Examples:

a.m. a4m4 V.C. ,v4,c4

B.Sc.

,b4,sc4 Ph.D. ,ph4,d4

Contractions may be used in abbreviations.

Example:

med. m$4 edn. $n4

Use the lower groupsign be, con or dis in an abbreviation where it would

normally be used in the unabbreviated form, provided it is followed by at

least one other letter.

Examples:

contd. 3td4 conj. 3j4

But:

dis. dis4

A contraction is not used where it could be misread as a non-alphabetic

wordsign.

Example:

St. John's St. ,st4 ,john's ,st4

Revised January 2022 - 161 - UEB Training Manual

Acronyms

Contractions may be used if an acronym is pronounced as a word.

Examples:

qwerty qw]ty

ASEAN ,,as1n

INXS ,,9xs

Contractions may not be used where the letters making up an acronym

are pronounced separately.

Examples:

US ,,US (United States)

,,it (Information Technology)

WHO

,,who (World Health Organisation)

In the following Practice exercise, “Hawkshead” is a compound word, so

the “sh” is not contracted. “Esthwaite” uses the th rather than the “st”

contraction, as this follows the pronunciation of the word more closely. Refer

item (7) of Choice of Contractions on page 199.

Revised January 2022 - 162 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 28

William Wordsworth was born at Cockermouth on 7th April 1770: at

eight he was sent to school at Hawkshead on Esthwaite, and in 1787-91 he

was at St. John's, Cambridge. In 1795, Calvert, a young friend, left him 900

pounds, and Wordsworth resolved to devote himself to poetry as his life-

work. Among his friends were Walter Scott, S. T. Coleridge, Charles Lamb,

Robert Southey, S. Rogers and Lord Lonsdale; and in 1845 he met Tennyson,

whom he named “the first of our living poets”. In 1843, after Southey's

death, Wordsworth became Poet-Laureate. He died at Rydal Mount (his home

since 1813), April 23, 1850, and was buried at Grasmere.

I believe Mrs. Matthews orders her goods from Messrs. Day, Younger,

Childers & Co. of King William St., Strand, W.C.2.

Obituary notices of distinguished people contain a variety of Degrees and

Orders. Here are a few of the more common ones. A.B. may have a simple

BA or MA degree or a more specific one of B.Sc., B.Mus., M.Ch., D.Litt., &c.

Or he may have the right to put K.C.M.G., or K.C.B. after his name; or he

may be a Member, Fellow or President of some Society, such as: A.R.A.,

F.R.C.S., or P.R.S.

This is a letter from the Rt. Hon. G. H. Reid, printed in Senator Pulsford's

Our Country

, Sydney, Aug. 25, 1903.

Extra Practice 28

Among the members of the Ingleford W.I. are some very well educated

and well qualified women, e.g. the local G.P. Dr. Sandra Young MD; an ex-

university don, Miss Beverley Child MA Ph.D.; an architect, Mrs Vanessa

O'Connor F.R.I.B.A. and an eminent pianist, Mrs Francesca Hapgood F.R.C.M.

If you wish to join these women in their worthy efforts towards raising

money for charities such as the RNLI and the RSPCA etc, you should contact

the Hon. Sec. Mrs P. A. Boone at 42a Beech Rd., Ingleford, IG2 7JS, tel.

5762 89721. They meet regularly in St. Andrew's Church Hall on Wednesdays

at 2:30 p.m.

Revised January 2022 - 163 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 29

Unit Abbreviations

Follow the print for unit abbreviations.

Capitalisation, position and print spacing of units are strictly followed.

The grade 1 symbol is required to terminate numeric mode, where

lowercase letters a-j immediately follow a number without a space. Refer to

page 140.

Examples:

3 ft. #c ft4 8 l #h ;l

#h;g 8 g #h ;g

2 m

#b ;m 89p #hip

5 s

#e ;s 5 sec #e sec

16cm

#af;cm 16 cm #af cm

80 kg

#hj kg 60 mph #fj mph

20L #bj,l 20 L #bj ;,l

9 to 10 kg

#i to #aj kg

6 m 25 cm

#f ;m #be cm

£6 3s. 4d.

`l#f #cs4 #d;d4

Revised January 2022 - 164 - UEB Training Manual

Symbols

The equivalent braille sign for symbols should always be used when

available.

NOTE: A complete list of symbols can be found in Sections 3 and 11 of

The Rules of Unified English Braille: Second Edition

2013, and related

updates, which are available for download from http://www.iceb.org.

Degree sign °

^j dots 4 5, dots 2 and 4 5

Examples:

45° #de^j4 21°C #ba^j,c

Answer in °F

,answ] 9 ~j,f

Currency

dollar $ @s dot 4, dots 2 3 and 4 (dot 4, s)

cent ¢ @c dot 4, dots 1 and 4 (dot 4, c)

pound £ @l dot 4, dots 1 2 3 (dot 4, l)

euro € @e dot 4, dots 1 and 5 (dot 4, e)

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Currency units are brailled as they are shown in print.

Examples:

£600 `l#fjj $2 `s#b

€12

@e#ab 65¢ #fe@c

$3 bn

@s#c bn £5m @l#em

$US34 @s,,us#cd

the £ rose ! @l rose

the $ fell ! @s fell

But:

65c #fe;c

Capitals

The use of capitals indicators in abbreviations follows the guidelines

given in Lesson 27.

Examples:

3 V #c ;,v 5 mA #e m,a

8 Hz

#h ,hz 13 MW #ac ,,mw

90 MHz

#ij ,m,hz

30 M.P.G.

#cj ,m4,p4,g4

60 MPH

#fj ,,mph

Revised January 2022 - 166 - UEB Training Manual

Contractions

Contractions may be used in unit abbreviations unless the letters that

make up the abbreviation are pronounced separately.

Examples:

8 ins #h 9s 5 mins #e m9s

But:

kwh kwh kWh k,wh

Reference Symbols and abbreviations

Section § ^s dots 4 5, dots 2 3 and 4

Paragraph ¶

^p dots 4 5, dots 1 2 3 and 4

Braille should follow the print in the use of symbols or abbreviations for

references.

Examples:

§12 ~s#ab ¶4 ~p#d

Vol.5

,vol4#e Vol. 5 ,vol4 #e

Vol 5

,vol #e ch.16 *4#af

par 15 p> #ae ss.6-8 ss4#f-#h

p.6 p4#f p6 p#f

Revised January 2022 - 167 - UEB Training Manual

Practice 29

Temperatures soared to 34°C, or around 100°F, and with only 4 cm

rainfall in 3 months the drought continued all summer. This caused the water

levels in reservoirs to drop 20 ft or more. As conditions worsened, hosepipe

bans and other inhibitory measures were introduced. Any people ignoring

these restrictions faced fines of £1000.

Inflation is at 11%, causing the cost of 250 g of sugar to increase by

25p. The average weekly shopping will now cost at least £9.50 more than

one month ago.

If you look at P.5 of vol.3 you will see that §17 of chap. 8 is missing. In

addition, the previous section is incorrectly referred to in L.23 of that page.

“10 sec later and I would have drowned”, gasped the rescued man. The

lifeboatmen noticed the package which the struggling man had refused to let

go. What did it contain? 7 kg of gold, or perhaps 13 lb of cocaine? Was this

man a smuggler? Would there be a $500 reward for his capture? The mystery

was solved when he started to unravel the package to reveal a ½ lb box of

Dairy Milk chocolates. “Next time she's getting flowers,” he chuckled.

Revised January 2022 - 168 - UEB Training Manual

Extra Practice 29

Edmund Blackadder, a tall and slim 6 ft 5 ins, was followed at a safe

distance of 4 yd by Baldrick, a short and squat 4 feet 7 inches. The former

purchased a whole week's supply of pies from Mrs. Miggins' shop, totalling £3

5s 4d (or £3 and 26½p in new money). Baldrick spent all he had, which was

only 2½d, on 4¾ lb of turnips.

Then Edmund walked 2 m to the wig-makers to pick up a new hair-do

for his master, mad Prince George. It was an electric blue colour and stood

on end, an effect achieved by letting 600 V run through it. The wig was

wrapped in 1 m of brown paper, tied up with 25 cm of string.

On their return to the palace, a highwayman sped towards them at

20 mph. Screeching to a halt only 2 cm from Blackadder's nose, the baddy

shouted “Your money or your life!”. Upon their refusal to his demands, the

robber threatened to drop them into water heated to 95°C. However, the

wind suddenly changed direction, wafting Baldrick's distinctive odour towards

the highwayman. This stunning effect, which also flattened all flora within a

12 m radius of the area, allowed our two heroes to escape.

[This is taken from ch.2 of my new book. Chapter 3, p23-36, is even

better!]

Revised January 2022 - 169 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 30

Accented Letters

and Foreign Words

For further explanation on accents and foreign words, refer to Section

4.2 (Modifiers) and Section 13 (Foreign Language) of

The Rules of Unified

English Braille: Second Edition

2013.

Accented Letters

acute ~/ dots 4 5, dots 3 and 4 é ^/e

grave

~* dots 4 5, dots 1 and 6 è ^*e

cedilla

~& dots 4 5, dots 1 2 3 and 4 6 ç ^&c

circumflex

~% dots 4 5, dots 1 and 4 6 ê ^%e

dieresis/umlaut

~3 dots 4 5, dots 2 and 5 ö ^3o

tilde

~} dots 4 5, dots 1 2 and 4 5 6 ñ ^]n

The accent sign is positioned immediately before the affected letter and

forms part of the letter.

Examples:

rôle r^%ole

naïve na~3ive

Typeform and capitals letter indicators, where required, precede the

accent. Refer to the Order of Braille Indicators on page 136.

Example:

Épinal

.1,~/ep9al

Revised January 2022 - 170 - UEB Training Manual

The presence of accented letters does not affect the use of the

capitalised word indicator.

Examples:

ÉDOUARD ,,^/ED\>D

FRANÇOIS

,,FRAN~&COIS

An accented letter may not form part of a contraction.

The groupsigns for ea, bb, cc, ff, gg may be used immediately before

an accented letter.

Examples:

blesséd b.s~/ed señor se^]nor

Gérard ,g~/er>d abbé a2^/e

Foreign Words

The accent symbols introduced above are only used within UEB. Other

braille codes have different conventions for showing accents, that are not

discussed in this manual. For more information refer to the

ABA Guidelines

for Foreign Language Material,

2019 which can be found at

brailleaustralia.org.

Words, phrases and passages that are distinctly foreign are brailled

uncontracted in UEB. Grade 1 indicators are not required, unless there is

ambiguity with wordsigns or shortforms.

Examples:

télévision t^/el^/evision

le chien

Revised January 2022 - 171 - UEB Training Manual

“L'Angleterre est une nation de boutiquiers.” This remark is

attributed to Napoleon.

8,l',angleterre est une

nation de boutiquiers40 ,?

rem>k is attribut$ to

,napoleon4

Contractions may be used in words and phrases of foreign origin that

have been anglicised and are now commonly used in English.

Some texts use italics to indicate foreign words. In such texts, non-

italicised words are considered anglicised and may be contracted.

Latin scientific names written in italics are not considered foreign and

may be contracted.

Care should be taken when using contractions in words of a foreign

origin to ensure that the pronunciation and structure of the word are not

distorted. Refer to item (7) in General Rules for the Use of Contractions on

page 199.

Examples:

carte blanche c>te blan*e

ex parte ex "pe

Avicennia marina

.1,avic5nia .1m>9a

panettone

NOTE: Panettone (an Italian sweet bread) is a word in common use and

is pronounced pan-e-ton-ay. “one” is uncontracted as it is not a syllable.

Revised January 2022 - 172 - UEB Training Manual

Contractions may be used for proper names, personal titles (e.g. Senor)

and place names.

Examples:

Senor Juarez ,s5or ,ju>ez

But:

Bundestag ,bundestag

NOTE: “st” should not be contracted in this proper noun since it bridges

the two elements “Bundes” and “tag” of this compound word.

Mixed Example:

Ménard, Marc.

Élements pour une économie des industries culturelles.

,m^/en>d1 ,m>c4

.7,^/elements pour une

^/economie des industries

culturelles4.'

Revised January 2022 - 173 - UEB Training Manual

The name “Silone” in the exercise below is pronounced “Si-lon-ay”.

Practice 30

Jean-Paul was looking forward to spending three years at the University

of Bordeaux, which was his belovéd home town. He was to study the

language and literature of France and Italy, although he had carte blanche to

study any other subject in addition to these.

One of his favourite novels was “Le Père Goriot” by Balzac, although he

also enjoyed “Les Misérables” by Victor Hugo. On his reading list from the

Italian lecturer, Sr. Maretti, were “Fontamara” by Ignazio Silone and “Cristo si

è fermato a Eboli” by Carlo Levi.

On his arrival at the university there was a huge banner with the words

“bienvenus—benvenuti—bienvenidos—wilkommen—welcome” hanging on the

façade of the renaissance-style building. He made his way through the

endless corridors to the Italian department where he had arranged a

rendezvous with his sister's English fiancé, Will. They were to go and have a

drink in the café.

Extra Practice 30

Germany is a federal republic consisting of 16 states (called

“

Bundesländer

” or shortened to “

Länder

” in German). Germany is equally

admired by visitors for its old-world charm and “

Gemütlichkeit

” (cosiness).

The major rivers of Brazil include the Amazon (the world's second-

longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its

major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São

Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.

French or

la langue française

is a Romance language spoken as a first

language in a number of countries. A number of diplomatic words have been

borrowed from French: attaché, envoy, embassy, chancery, chargé d'affaires,

diplomacy, alliance, passport, protocol.

Why did Monsieur Lumière go where he did? Who did Benoît want to

impress?

Revised January 2022 - 174 - UEB Training Manual

LESSON 31

Formatting

This is the final lesson in this Manual. Unlike Lessons 1-30, it does NOT

have Practice exercises. This lesson has a series of longer passages for

transcription. Each passage demonstrates a different principle of formatting.

A brief outline of formatting is given below. More information can be

found in the

Australian Braille Authority Rules and Guidelines for Formatting

Braille,

2016. This may differ to the rules and guidelines set by other braille

authorities.

Headings

Headings are formatted according to their hierarchy or level, rather than

according to how they appear in print.

Block capitals are the only print enhancement for headings that are

shown in braille. Bold, italics or underline should not be used in a heading

unless they serve a specific purpose.

No blank line is left following a heading.

At least one line of braille must follow a heading on the same page,

otherwise move the heading to the top of the next page.

Major Headings

Major headings, or first level headings, always have a blank line before

them and are centred on a braille line. There should be at least six blank cells

on each side of the heading. Where the heading is too long to fit on one line,

split the heading across two or more lines, balancing the line lengths as is

practical.

Revised January 2022 - 175 - UEB Training Manual

Minor Headings

A second level heading has a blank line before it, unless it immediately

follows a major heading.

The heading begins in cell 5 of the line, leaving four blank spaces. A

subsequent line also begins in cell 5 for headings that do not fit on a single

line.

Examples of minor headings are the headings “Ingredients” and

“Methods” in a recipe.

Lower Headings

When a third level of heading is required, this has a blank line before it,

unless it immediately follows a major or minor heading.

The heading begins in cell 3 of the line, leaving two blank spaces. A

subsequent line also begins in cell 3 for headings that do not fit on a single

line.

Example:

[blank line]

,major ,h1d+ [major heading]

,! ma9 h1d+ abv is c5tr$4 ,"! is a blank

l9e abv x4

[blank line]

,m9or ,h1d+ [minor heading]

,? h1d+ al has a blank l9e abv4 ,x 2g9s

9 cell #e ( ! l9e4

[blank line]

,l[] ,h1d+ [lower heading]

_4 ,l1ve a blank l9e 2f ! h1d+4

_4 ,x 2g9s 9 cell #c ( ! l9e4

Revised January 2022 - 176 - UEB Training Manual

Paragraphs

A new paragraph in braille always begins in cell 3, with an indent of two

cells, regardless of print layout. Second and subsequent lines begin at the

margin. Paragraphs are never separated with a blank line, even if one

appears in print.

Practice exercises 23-30 were all in paragraph format.

Lists

List formatting should be used for a variety of material, such as

numbered items or questions, bulleted items, indexes and glossaries.

Numbered lists and questions ALWAYS need a separation between the

number or count letter and the text following. A full stop should be added if

there is no separator in the print.

Each line of a list begins at the margin. If the line runs over to a second

line in braille, this is indented to cell 3. Alternatively, the second line may be

further indented to directly below the point where the text begins above. A

consistent approach should be maintained.

Information on more complex lists is found in

Australian Braille Authority

Rules and Guidelines for Formatting Braille,

2016.

Example:

Read the information then answer the questions that follow.

• Unified English Braille, UEB, was recognised as an official code in

April 2004.

• The Australian Braille Authority voted and agreed to adopt UEB in

May 2005.

1. In what year was UEB adopted as an official code?

2. Which was the first country in the world to adopt UEB?

Revised January 2022 - 177 - UEB Training Manual

The first line is a paragraph. The second line begins the bulleted list.

Three centred asterisks are used to separate the information from the

questions.

Option 1: Second line of list indented 2 cells.

,r1d ! 9=ma;n !n answ] ! "qs t foll[4

_4 ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl1 ,,ueb1 0

recognis$ z an (ficial code 9 ,april

#bjjd4

_4 ,! ,au/ralian ,brl ,au?or;y vot$ &

agre$ to adopt ,,ueb 9 ,may #bjje4

"9 "9 "9

#a4 ,9 :at ye> 0 ,,ueb adopt$ z an

(ficial code8

#b4 ,: 0 ! f/ c.try 9 ! _w to adopt

,,ueb8

Option 2: Second line of list indented to line up with the text in the line

above.

,r1d ! 9=ma;n !n answ] ! "qs t foll[4

_4 ,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl1 ,,ueb1 0

recognis$ z an (ficial code 9 ,april

#bjjd4

_4 ,! ,au/ralian ,brl ,au?or;y vot$ &

agre$ to adopt ,,ueb 9 ,may #bjje4

"9 "9 "9

#a4 ,9 :at ye> 0 ,,ueb adopt$ z an

(ficial code8

#b4 ,: 0 ! f/ c.try 9 ! _w to adopt

,,ueb8

Revised January 2022 - 178 - UEB Training Manual

Poetry

Poetry follows a similar layout to lists.

Some poems have each line begin at the margin. Each line of the poem

begins in cell 1. If a line of the poem does not fit on a single braille line, the

run-over is indented to cell 3.

Some poems have lines that are indented. An indented line of the poem

begins in cell 3 and ALL run-overs in the stanza begin in cell 5. Information

on more complex indentation and other poetry layouts is found in

Australian

Braille Authority Rules and Guidelines for Formatting Braille,

2016.

A blank line is left between each verse or stanza. This blank line may

appear at the top of a braille page if a new stanza begins the page.

A verse or stanza should not begin on the last line of a page of braille. A

short stanza should be kept together on the same braille page.

Example:

There was a wild colonial boy, Jack Doolan was his name,

Of poor but honest parents he was born in Castlemaine.

He was his father's only son, his mother's pride and joy,

And dearly did his parents love this Wild Colonial Boy.

Come, all my hearties, we'll roam the mountainside,

Together we will plunder, together we will ride,

We'll scour along the valleys and we'll gallop o'er the plains,

And we'll scorn to live in slavery, bound down with iron chains.

Revised January 2022 - 179 - UEB Training Manual

,"! 0 a wild colonial boy1 ,jack ,doolan

0 8 "n1

,( poor b h"o/ p>5ts he 0 born 9

,ca/lema9e4

,he 0 8 "f's only son1 8 "m's pride &

joy1

,& de>ly did 8 p>5ts love ? ,wild

,colonial ,boy4

,come1 all my he>ties1 we'll roam !

m.ta9side1

,tgr we w pl"u1 tgr we w ride1

,we'll sc\r al;g ! valleys & we'll gallop

o'] ! pla9s1

,& we'll scorn to live 9 slav]y1 b.d

d[n ) iron *a9s4

Drama

The dialogue of a play follows a similar layout to lists. The name of each

speaker begins at the margin. Second and subsequent lines begin in cell 3.

Clear distinction is ALWAYS required between the speaker's name and

the dialogue. A colon should be added if there is no other means of

distinction between the speaker's name and the dialogue.

Stage directions that appear on their own line within the dialogue are

formatted as an indented paragraph in braille. The paragraph begins in cell 7

and subsequent lines run over to cell 5.

Revised January 2022 - 180 - UEB Training Manual

Example:

From:

Major Barbara

, by George Bernard Shaw.

Undershaft: [submissively] Yes, my dear: I daresay that will be best.

[Making himself comfortable] Well, here I am. Now what can I

do for you all?

Lady Britomart: You need not do anything, Andrew. You are one of

the family. You can sit with us and enjoy yourself.

[

Lomax

's too long suppressed mirth explodes in agonized

neighings.]

Lady Britomart: [outraged] Charles Lomax, if you can behave

yourself, behave yourself. If not, leave the room.

,"u%aft3 .<submissively.> ,yes1 my de>3

,i d>esay t w 2 be/4 .<,mak+ hmf

com=table.> ,well1 "h ,i am4 ,n[ :at c

,i d = y all8

,lady ,britom>t3 ,y ne$ n d any?+1 ,&rew4

,y >e "o ( ! family4 ,y c sit ) u &

5joy yrf4

.<,.1lomax.''s too l;g suppress$

mir? explodes 9 agoniz$ nei<+s4.>

,lady ,britom>t3 .<\trag$.> ,*>les ,lomax1

if y c 2have yrf1 2have yrf4 ,if n1 l1ve

! room4

Revised January 2022 - 181 - UEB Training Manual

Navigation Line

The navigation line is the top line of every page of braille. On the far left

is the print page number; on the far right is the braille page number. Centred

on the second and subsequent pages is a running title with information about

the document.

Print Page Number

The print page number from the original document is positioned on the

far left of the navigation line on each page of braille.

On the first page, or where a new print page coincides with a new braille

page, the number is shown with no prefix.

Every subsequent braille page relating to the same print page has an

alphabetic prefix before the print page number. The second braille page will

have “a” before the print page number, the third page “b” and so on.

Braille Page Number

The braille page number is positioned on the far right of the navigation

line. This starts at 1 and increments for each page of braille.

Running Title

The first page of a document does not usually have a running title on the

navigation line. The document title is positioned as a major heading on the

second line. The blank space in the navigation line is the blank line above this

heading.

The running title is shown on the second and subsequent pages of a

document. The running title enables quick identification of the content and is

centred on the navigation line, between the print and braille page numbers.

The title of the passage should be used for the running title in this

lesson. Shorten the title, if necessary, so the running title will fit between the

print and braille page numbers, with a space on each side. The running title

only occurs on the navigation line and NEVER runs over to a second line.

Revised January 2022 - 182 - UEB Training Manual

Print Page Turnovers

Practice passages in this lesson extend over two or more print pages.

The print page turnover is used to inform the reader of the exact point where

a new print page begins.

• End the braille line after brailling the last word on the print page.

• On the next line, begin at the margin and braille a continuous line of

hyphens across the page, leaving just enough room to braille the new

print page number. No space is left between the hyphens and the page

number.

• Move to the next line and continue brailling, maintaining the print format.

Example:

This example shows a print page turnover from print page 48 to 49 in

the middle of a paragraph.

b#dh ,lion1 ,wit* & ! ,w>drobe #ej

o!r h&1 ,i don't ?9k _m girls ( h] age wd

9v5t t idea = !mvs4 ,if %e _h be5 pret5d+1

%e wd h hidd5 = a

---------------------------------------#di

r1sonable "t 2f com+ \ & tell+ h] /ory40

At least one line of braille should follow a page turnover on the braille

page. Otherwise, begin the new print page on the next braille page.

No print page turnover is required where a new braille page coincides

with a new print page. The print page number at the top of the braille page

has no prefix, indicating the beginning of the new print page.

The influence of typeform, capitalised or grade 1 passage indicators

extends beyond a print page turnover.

Revised January 2022 - 183 - UEB Training Manual

Passages for Transcription

There are four sample passages for transcription. Each passage

illustrates a different aspect of formatting.

Treat each passage as a separate document.

Passage 1: A sample of prose. The Latin names of birds and animals should

be contracted. This is an extract from

An Australian Bird Book,

J.A.

Leach, 1870-1920.

Passage 2: A recipe: a traditional lamington recipe.

Passage 3: A poem:

Cuppacumalonga

by C.J. Dennis.

Passage 4: A play: an extract from

The Importance of Being Earnest

, by

Oscar Wilde, 1895.

Getting started

On the first page of each passage, braille only the print and braille page

numbers on the navigation line. Use the Manual page numbers for the print

pages numbers and begin each passage with braille page 1.

On the second line, braille the title as a major heading. Sometimes this

consists of two separate titles. For example, the first passage has the title

“An Australian Bird Book” and a subtitle “A LECTURE”. Braille these centred

one under the other, with no blank line between.

Begin brailling the passage on the next line.

The running title on subsequent braille pages reflects the title of the

passage. For example, “Australian Bird Book”.

At the end of each passage, braille a centred line as instructed for

Practice exercises 23 onwards. Refer to page 110.

Revised January 2022 - 184 - UEB Training Manual

Passage 1

An Australian Bird Book

A LECTURE

Australia is the wonderland of the scientist and of the Nature-lover. It is

a great living “museum”, stocked with marvels of many kinds, including so-

called “living fossils”, the sole survivors of otherwise extinct groups of

animals.

Competent authorities have proposed to divide the world, biologically,

into two parts—Australia and the rest of the world, and they have considered

Australia the more important part.

This division was based mainly on the study of mammals—animals which

suckle their young—for Australia is the home of the two surviving members

of the lowest group of mammals—Monotremata, the egg-laying Platypus

(

Ornithorhynchus

), and the Spiny Ant-eater (

Echidna

). Further, marsupials,

except for two kinds found in America, are confined to this long-isolated

southern land.

Here, shut off from the severe competition experienced by the animals

of northern lands, marsupials were modified so that they were adapted for

life in almost every realm utilized by the higher mammals of other countries.

Thus there are herbivorous, carnivorous, and insectivorous marsupials.

Owing, probably, to the advent of Bats—true flying mammals—at, possibly, a

comparatively early time, the marsupial was beaten in the air, and so a true

flying form was not evolved, though the so-called “Flying Phalanger” is some

distance on the way.

As regards the other group of flying animals—birds—Australia is even of

greater interest, for here are found unique archaic forms of life, such as the

Emu, Cassowary, Mound-Builders, and Lyre-Birds, and “every widely-spread

family of birds but two is represented; the only widely-spread families of

birds totally absent from Australia are Woodpeckers and Vultures.”

Revised January 2022 - 185 - UEB Training Manual

Woodpeckers, however, have crossed Wallace's line into Celebes and

adjacent islands, and may yet reach Australia naturally.

Further, many well-known birds, such as Pigeons, Parrots, and

Kingfishers, reach their highest development in the Australian region, and,

more important still, the whole bird world seems to reach its culminating

point in this wonderland. It is a factor adding to the interest of Australia's

fauna that three of the four families placed at the head of the bird world in

the natural system of classification adopted by ornithologists, and used by Dr.

Sharpe in his just recently completed

Hand-List of Birds

, should be absolutely

confined to the Australian Continent and adjacent islands. Thus Australia can

justly claim to be the most highly developed of regions, so far as birds are

concerned, for Bower-Birds, Birds of Paradise, and Bell-Magpies (

Streperas

)

are peculiar, while the penultimate family—the Crow family—is shared with

the other regions of the world.

Thus, with regard to birds, the term “fossil continent” applied to Australia

is not appropriate, as it is but partly true.

Since the birds native to Australia are so interesting in themselves, and

are so varied in kind, Australians should know, love, and jealously protect

these beautiful creatures. Strict regulations should be framed to prevent the

exploitation of Nature's gifts by those who destroy useful or precious and rare

birds for the sake of gain. Even collectors, who, under the guise of scientific

work, collect eggs, and kill birds to trade in their skins, should be supervised.

Let us now consider the different groups of birds. Living birds were

formerly divided into two sub-classes—(1)

Ratitae

(Lat.,

ratis

, a raft), and

(2)

Carinatae

(Lat.,

carina

, a keel). The first is the small group of flightless,

running birds, made up of five living birds, all inhabiting southern lands.

These are the Emu and Cassowary of Australia, the Ostrich of South Africa,

the Rhea or South American Ostrich, and the Kiwi or Apteryx of New Zealand.

Taken together with other evidence, all pointing in the same way, these birds

have led scientists to think of a great southern land mass connecting the

southern lands, for the Emu did not fly here, nor did the Rhea fly to South

America, but they must have reached their present home by a land-bridge

not necessarily complete at any one time.

Revised January 2022 - 186 - UEB Training Manual

Passage 2

Lamingtons

INGREDIENTS

Sponge Cake

125g butter, softened

1 cup caster sugar

½ teaspoon vanilla extract

3 eggs

1¾ cups SR flour, sifted

½ cup milk

2 cups desiccated coconut

Icing

3½ cups icing sugar mixture

¼ cup cocoa powder

1 tbsp butter, softened

½ cup boiling water

METHOD

1. Preheat oven to 180°C/160°C fan-forced. Grease a 3cm-deep, 20cm ×

30cm (base) lamington pan. Line with baking paper, leaving a 2cm

overhang on all sides.

2. Using an electric mixer, beat butter, sugar and vanilla until light and

fluffy. Add eggs, one at a time, beating well after each addition (mixture

may curdle).

3. Sift half the flour over butter mixture. Stir to combine. Add half the milk.

Stir to combine. Repeat with remaining flour and milk.

4. Spoon into prepared pan. Smooth top. Bake for 30 minutes or until a

skewer inserted in centre comes out clean. Stand in pan for 10 minutes.

Turn out onto a wire rack. Cover with a clean tea towel. Set aside

overnight.

Revised January 2022 - 187 - UEB Training Manual

5. Make icing: Sift icing sugar and cocoa into a bowl. Add butter and boiling

water. Stir until smooth.

6. Cut cake into 15 pieces. Place coconut in a dish. Using a fork, dip 1 piece

of cake in icing. Shake off excess. Toss in coconut. Place on a wire rack

over a baking tray. Repeat with remaining cake, icing and coconut.

Stand for 2 hours or until set. Serve.

Revised January 2022 - 188 - UEB Training Manual

Passage 3

CUPPACUMALONGA

by C.J. Dennis

“Rover, rover, cattle-drover, where go you to-day?”

I go to Cuppacumalonga, fifty miles away;

Over plains where Summer rains have sung a song of glee,

Over hills where laughing rills go seeking for the sea,

I go to Cuppacumalonga, to my brother Bill.

Then come along, ah, come along!

Ah, come to Cuppacumalonga!

Come to Cuppacumalonga Hill!

“Rover, rover, cattle-drover, how do you get there?”

For twenty miles I amble on upon my pony mare,

Then walk awhile and talk awhile to country men I know,

Then up to ride a mile beside a team that travels slow,

And last to Cuppacumalonga, riding with a will.

Then come along, ah, come along!

Ah, come to Cuppacumalonga!

Come to Cuppacumalonga Hill!

“Rover, rover, cattle-drover, what do you do then?”

I camp beneath a kurrajong with three good cattle-men;

Then off away at break of day, with strong hands on the reins,

To laugh and sing while mustering the cattle on the plains—

For up to Cuppacumalonga life is jolly still.

Then come along, ah, come along!

Ah, come to Cuppacumalonga!

Come to Cuppacumalonga Hill!

Revised January 2022 - 189 - UEB Training Manual

“Rover, rover, cattle-drover, how may I go too?”

I'll saddle up my creamy colt and he shall carry you—

My creamy colt who will not bolt, who does not shy nor kick—

We'll pack the load and take the road and travel very quick.

And if the day brings work or play we'll meet it with a will.

So Hi for Cuppacumalonga!

Come Along, ah, come along!

Ah, come to Cuppacumalonga Hill!

Revised January 2022 - 190 - UEB Training Manual

Passage 4

The Importance of Being Earnest

FIRST ACT

SCENE

Morning-room in Algernon's flat in Half-Moon Street. The room is

luxuriously and artistically furnished. The sound of a piano is heard in the

adjoining room.

[Lane is arranging afternoon tea on the table, and after the

music has ceased, Algernon enters.]

Algernon: Did you hear what I was playing, Lane?

Lane: I didn't think it polite to listen, sir.

Algernon: I'm sorry for that, for your sake. I don't play accurately—any one

can play accurately—but I play with wonderful expression. As far as the

piano is concerned, sentiment is my forté. I keep science for Life.

Lane: Yes, sir.

Algernon: And, speaking of the science of Life, have you got the cucumber

sandwiches cut for Lady Bracknell?

Lane: Yes, sir. [Hands them on a salver.]

Algernon: [Inspects them, takes two, and sits down on the sofa.] Oh! ... by

the way, Lane, I see from your book that on Thursday night, when Lord

Shoreman and Mr. Worthing were dining with me, eight bottles of

champagne are entered as having been consumed.

Lane: Yes, sir; eight bottles and a pint.

Algernon: Why is it that at a bachelor's establishment the servants invariably

drink the champagne? I ask merely for information.

Lane: I attribute it to the superior quality of the wine, sir. I have often

observed that in married households the champagne is rarely of a first-

rate brand.

Algernon: Good heavens! Is marriage so demoralising as that?

Lane: I believe it is a very pleasant state, sir. I have had very little experience

of it myself up to the present. I have only been married once. That was

Revised January 2022 - 191 - UEB Training Manual

in consequence of a misunderstanding between myself and a young

person.

Algernon: [Languidly.] I don't know that I am much interested in your family

life, Lane.

Lane: No, sir; it is not a very interesting subject. I never think of it myself.

Algernon: Very natural, I am sure. That will do, Lane, thank you.

Lane: Thank you, sir. [Lane goes out.]

Algernon: Lane's views on marriage seem somewhat lax. Really, if the lower

orders don't set us a good example, what on earth is the use of them?

They seem, as a class, to have absolutely no sense of moral

responsibility.

[Enter Lane.]

Lane: Mr. Ernest Worthing.

[Enter Jack.]

[Lane goes out.]

Algernon: How are you, my dear Ernest? What brings you up to town?

Jack: Oh, pleasure, pleasure! What else should bring one anywhere? Eating

as usual, I see, Algy!

Algernon: [Stiffly.] I believe it is customary in good society to take some

slight refreshment at five o'clock. Where have you been since last

Thursday?

Jack: [Sitting down on the sofa.] In the country.

Algernon: What on earth do you do there?

Jack: [Pulling off his gloves.] When one is in town one amuses oneself. When

one is in the country one amuses other people. It is excessively boring.

Algernon: And who are the people you amuse?

Jack: [Airily.] Oh, neighbours, neighbours.

Algernon: Got nice neighbours in your part of Shropshire?

Jack: Perfectly horrid! Never speak to one of them.

Algernon: How immensely you must amuse them! [Goes over and takes

sandwich.] By the way, Shropshire is your county, is it not?

Jack: Eh? Shropshire? Yes, of course. Hallo! Why all these cups? Why

cucumber sandwiches? Why such reckless extravagance in one so

young? Who is coming to tea?

Revised January 2022 - 192 - UEB Training Manual

Algernon: Oh! merely Aunt Augusta and Gwendolen.

Jack: How perfectly delightful!

Algernon: Yes, that is all very well; but I am afraid Aunt Augusta won't quite

approve of your being here.

Jack: May I ask why?

Algernon: My dear fellow, the way you flirt with Gwendolen is perfectly

disgraceful. It is almost as bad as the way Gwendolen flirts with you.

Jack: I am in love with Gwendolen. I have come up to town expressly to

propose to her.

Algernon: I thought you had come up for pleasure? ... I call that business.

Jack: How utterly unromantic you are!

Revised January 2022 - 193 - UEB Training Manual

Additional Symbols

The following print symbols, whilst not included in the lessons and

Practice exercises, occur in literary text. Print symbols are spaced in braille as

shown in print.

NOTE: The presence of a symbol in a sequence prohibits the use of

wordsigns, shortforms and shortform extension words.

~c dots 4 5, dots 1 and 4 (dots 4 5, c)

Dagger †

@,? dot 4, dot 6, dots 1 and 4 5 6

The dagger is sometimes used as a reference mark, or as the Latin or

Christian cross to signify a member of clergy or death. Follow print in its

usage.

Double Dagger ‡

@,] dot 4, dot 6, dots 1 2 and 4 5 6

The double dagger follows print usage.

Musical Accidentals

Flat ♭ #< dots 3 and 4 5 6, dots 1 2 and 6

Sharp ♯ #% dots 3 and 4 5 6, dots 1 and 4 6

Natural ♮ #* dots 3 and 4 5 6, dots 1 and 6

Revised January 2022 - 194 - UEB Training Manual

These symbols are similar to their counterparts in Braille Music Notation

and are to be used wherever they appear in a literary context.

Examples:

B♭ trumpet ,b#< trumpet

chord of C♯ major

*ord ( ,c#% major

The ♮ sign

,! #* sign

Registered Trademark ®

^r dots 4 5, dots 1 2 3 and 5 (dots 4 5, r)

Trademark ™

~t dots 4 5, dots 2 3 and 4 5 (dots 4 5, t)

Revised January 2022 - 195 - UEB Training Manual

BRAILLE REFERENCE

General Rules for the

Use of Contractions

All the contractions have now been learnt. Following are some general

rules for their use.

For detailed rules and more examples, refer to

The Rules of Unified

English Braille: Second Edition

2013, and related updates, which are

available for download from http://www.iceb.org.

(1) Contractions may NOT be used to bridge the components of an

unhyphenated compound word.

Example:

carthorse c>thorse (th groupsign not used)

flearidden fl1ridd5 (ar groupsign not used)

(2) In general, contractions are permissible between a prefix and the

remainder of a word, in particular the groupsigns ed, en, er, of, st.

Examples:

reduce r$uce den ounce d5\nce

derail d]ail profile pr(ile

mistake mi/ake

Revised January 2022 - 196 - UEB Training Manual

(3) The lower groupsign for “ea” may NOT be used to bridge a prefix and

the remainder of the word.

Examples:

readmit readmit

reaction

reac;n

(4) Contractions may NOT be used if they would seriously distort the

pronunciation or hinder the recognition of a word.

Examples:

fruity fruity

chemotherapy

*emo!rapy

whaddaya :addaya

(5) The contractions ch, gh, sh, th, wh or the may NOT be used where the

“h” is clearly aspirated.

Examples:

mishap mishap

Coghill's Creek ,coghill's ,creek

But:

Ingham ,9<am

Revised January 2022 - 197 - UEB Training Manual

Choice of Contractions

Sometimes there is more than one choice of how to contract a word.

Some of the rules that determine the choice have been introduced already.

Following is a summary of the rules by which these choices should be

made, unless other rules apply.

(1) Use the contraction that results in the use of the least number of cells.

Example:

coherence coh];e

NOTE: The contraction for here is not used, as this results in seven

cells overall instead of six.

(2) The strong contractions and for of the with have preference, unless

fewer cells can be used.

Example:

coffee c(fee (do not use ff groupsign)

But:

thence ?;e

NOTE: The contraction for the is not used, as this results in four

cells overall instead of three.

Revised January 2022 - 198 - UEB Training Manual

(3) “be”, “con” and “dis” have preference where they are the first syllable of

a word.

Example:

congenial 3g5ial (do not use ong groupsign)

But:

benzene b5z5e (“be” is not a syllable)

(4) Other than (3) above, strong groupsigns have preference to lower

groupsigns. Strong groupsigns have dots in the top AND bottom rows

PLUS dots in the left AND right sides of the cell.

Examples:

nearly ne>ly (do not use ea groupsign)

bacchanal bac*anal (do not use cc groupsign)

(5) Use the final-letter groupsign ence where it is followed by “a”, “d” or “r”.

Examples:

influenceable 9flu;eable

commenced comm;ed

Spencer ,Sp;er

Revised January 2022 - 199 - UEB Training Manual

(6) Other than (5) above, ONE-CELL strong and lower groupsigns have

preference over TWO-CELL initial-letter contractions and final-letter

groupsigns, unless fewer cells can be used.

Examples:

adher ed adh]$ (do not use here contraction)

stoned /on$ (do not use one contraction)

(7) Choose the contraction that best matches the pronunciation and form of

the word.

Examples:

isthmus is?mus (do not use st groupsign)

asthma as?ma (do not use st groupsign)

apartheid a"pheid (do not use the contraction)

wherever :]"e (use ever rather than where)

Revised January 2022 - 200 - UEB Training Manual

Word Division

It is preferable not to divide words at the end of a braille line. The

following guidelines should only be used for extremely long words or when

brailling using a manual method.

Hyphenated Words

Words with an existing hyphen may be divided with the hyphen at the

end of a braille line.

Examples:

well-behaved self-indulgent ill-disguised

Compound Words

Compound words are usually kept on a single braille line. If splitting is

necessary, a compound word is best divided into its component parts.

Examples:

thereabouts there-abouts

notwithstanding not-withstanding or notwith-standing

Divide between syllables

Words of one syllable must NEVER be divided.

Non-compound words should be divided between syllables.

Dictionaries and online resources can assist in splitting words into

appropriate syllables to enable word division at the end of a braille line.

Examples:

circumlocution circum-locution

But:

schmaltzed

Revised January 2022 - 201 - UEB Training Manual

Contractions in Word Division

Where the Hyphen Exists in Print

Where a hyphen exists in the print copy, and there is sufficient space still

remaining on the line, the word sequence may be broken AFTER the hyphen

at the end of a braille line, using the same contractions as if it were

unbroken.

The Lower Sign Rule must be met and some lower contractions may

need to be spelt out, if used with punctuation.

Examples:

child-like *-l

child- like

*- l

air-condition er

air-3di;n]

air- condition er

air- 3di;n]

tea ch-in

t1*-9

tea ch- in

t1*- 9

is-was

is- was

NOTE: The wordsign was may not touch a hyphen. As “was” is spelt out

in the unbroken sequence, it must also be spelt out in the broken sequence.

Revised January 2022 - 202 - UEB Training Manual

Examples: (Lower Sign Rule)

tea ch-in. t1*-94

tea ch- in.

t1*- in4

in-laws

9-laws

in- laws

Where the Hyphen is Added by a Transcriber

“ing”

The ing groupsign may not begin a line. Use the in contraction where

“ing” begins a new line.

Example:

nightingale ni<t+ale

night- ingale

ni<t- 9gale

be, con, dis groupsigns

The groupsigns be, con and dis may not begin a new line following an

added hyphen.

Avoid dividing a word immediately after “be”, “con” or “dis” as lower

contractions may not be used before a hyphen and no space is saved.

Revised January 2022 - 203 - UEB Training Manual

Examples:

anticonvulsive anticonvulsive

anti- convulsive

overdiscount ov]disc.t

over- discount

ov]- disc.t

in, en groupsigns

These groupsigns may be used with any hyphen but only if the Lower

Sign Rule is met.

Example:

maidenhair fern maid5hair f]n

maiden- hair fern

maid5- hair f]n

But:

disinterest edly 49t]e/$ly

disin- terest edly

4in- t]e/$ly

Revised January 2022 - 204 - UEB Training Manual

Final-Letter Groupsigns

Final-letter groupsigns may not be used at the beginning of a new line

following an added hyphen.

Examples:

section sec;n

sec- tion

faith ful ness fai?;l;s

faith- fulness

fai?- ful;s

Shortforms

A shortform should never be divided. Longer words on the Shortform

Extension List may be divided but the internal shortforms may not.

Examples:

goodafternoon gdafn

good- afternoon

gd- afn

unrejoiceful ness unrjc;l;s

unrejoice- fulness

unrjc- ful;s

Revised January 2022 - 205 - UEB Training Manual

Wordsigns and Shortforms

The use of wordsigns and shortforms is determined by the Standing

Alone Rule, as found in

The Rules of Unified English Braille: Second Edition

2013, and related updates, which are available for download from

http://www.iceb.org.

• A wordsign should NOT be used as part of a longer word.

• A shortform may only be used in a longer word that is found on the

Shortform Extension List, or if it meets the specific requirements stated in

the list.

• The letter “s” or apostrophe “s” may be added to any shortform or word

on the Shortform Extension List, with the exception of “about”, “almost”

and “him”.

• Wordsigns and shortforms may be used regardless of pronunciation or

meaning and whether or not they are used as proper names.

Alphabetic and strong wordsigns, shortforms and shortforms in

shortform extension words MAY BE USED:

• Where the word is preceded AND followed by a space, hyphen or dash

(including a long dash)

• With punctuation in its standard grammatical position, i.e.:

* Apostrophe, opening quotation marks (of any type), opening brackets

(round, square or braces) at the beginning of a word

* Closing quotation marks, closing brackets, apostrophe, full stop,

comma, colon, semicolon, exclamation mark, question mark or ellipsis

at the end of a word

• With typeform, capitals, and opening transcriber's note indicators at the

beginning of the word

• With typeform and capitals terminators and closing transcriber's note

indicators at the end of a word

Alphabetic and strong wordsigns MAY BE USED:

• Where the word is followed by 'd, 'll, 're, 's, 't or 've

Revised January 2022 - 206 - UEB Training Manual

Wordsigns, shortforms and shortforms in shortform extension words

MAY NOT BE USED where the word between spaces, hyphens or dashes:

• Includes any numeral or print symbol. Some common print symbols are

forward and backward slash or the asterisk.

• Includes punctuation not in its standard grammatical position, for

example, the dot in an electronic address or the colon used as a ratio

between two words.

• Includes any typeform and capitals indicators or terminators not at the

beginning or end of the word, unless specifically allowed for in

The Rules

of Unified English Braille: Second Edition 2013,

and related updates, which

are available for download from http://www.iceb.org. Refer to the update

to Section 10.9 for specific instances where medial capitals indictors or

terminators are allowed.

Lower Sign Rule

The lower wordsigns be, his, was and were are not affected by this rule,

as they may not be used with lower punctuation.

For the purpose of this rule, a sequence is any continuous string of

characters between spaces.

• Use any number of lower groupsigns and lower punctuation signs

together, provided the sequence includes an upper sign.

• Use the lower wordsigns enough and in with any number of lower

punctuation signs, provided the sequence includes an upper sign.

The upper sign may be a letter, contraction, typeform indicator,

typeform terminator, symbol or punctuation that includes an upper dot.

NOTE: When applying this rule, the two-cell quotation signs are not

considered to be upper signs.

If the sequence would not otherwise have an upper sign, the final

contraction is not used.

Revised January 2022 - 207 - UEB Training Manual

Braille Tables

Alphabetic Contractions

Wordsign

Initial Contractions

Final Groupsigns

Standing

Alone

With

Dot 5

With

Dots 4 5

With

Dots 4 5 6

With

Dots 4 6

With

Dots 5 6

…

but

…

can

…

cannot

…

day

…

-ound

…

every

ever

…

-ance

-ence

from

father

…

-ong

have

here

…

had

…

just

…

knowledge

know

…

lord

…

-ful

mother

…

many

…

not

name

…

-sion

-tion

…

one

…

people

part

…

quite

question

…

rather

right

…

some

…

spirit

-less

-ness

that

time

…

-ount

-ment

under

upon

…

very

…

will

work

word

world

…

you

young

…

-ity

…

Revised January 2022 - 208 - UEB Training Manual

Strong Contractions

Contraction

Initial Contractions

With

Dot 5

With

Dots 4 5

With

Dots 4 5 6

and … … …

for … … …

(

…

the there these their

)

with … … …

Strong Groupsigns/Wordsigns

Groupsign

Wordsign

Initial Contractions/Brackets

Standing

Alone

With

Dot 5

With

Dots 4 5

With

Dots 4 5 6

With

Dots 4 6

With Dot 4,

Dots 4 6

ch child character

… … …

gh … ( … { [ open tni

sh shall … … … …

th this through those … …

wh which where whose … …

ed … … … … …

]

er … … … … …

ou out ought … … …

[

ow … … … … …

still

…

ar … ) … } ] close tni

-ing … … … … …

NOTE: tni is a Transcriber's Note Indicator as introduced on page 116.

Revised January 2022 - 209 - UEB Training Manual

Lower Contractions

Wordsign

Groupsign/Punctuation

Start of Word

Middle of Word

End of Word

… … -ea- , (comma)

be-

-bb-

; (semicolon)

… con- -cc- : (colon)

… dis- . (dot) . (full stop)

enough

… … -ff- ! (exclamation)

were … -gg- …

his “ (open) ? (question) ? (question)

in in in in

was

…

” (close)

… - (hyphen) - (hyphen) - (hyphen)

… ' (apostrophe)

' (apostrophe) ' (apostrophe)

Prefixes

Sign

Numeric mode

Script; currency

Bold; symbol; initial-letter contraction

Italic; Greek letter; final-letter contraction

Underline; initial-letter contraction

Maths operation sign; initial-letter contraction

;

Grade 1 mode; final-letter contraction

Capitals mode

Revised January 2022 - 210 - UEB Training Manual

Shortforms

Refer to page 205, Wordsigns and Shortforms, for the rules of use.

about ab above abv according ac

across acr after af afternoon afn

afterward afw again ag against agst

almost alm already alr also al

although alth altogether alt always alw

because bec before bef behind beh

below bel beneath ben beside bes

between bet beyond bey blind bl

braille brl children chn conceive concv

conceiving concvg could cd deceive dcv

deceiving dcvg declare dcl declaring dclg

either ei first fst friend fr

good gd great grt herself herf

him hm himself hmf immediate imm

its xs itself xf letter lr

little ll much mch must mst

myself myf necessary nec neither nei

oneself onef ourselves ourvs paid pd

perceive percv perceiving percvg perhaps perh

quick qk receive rcv receiving rcvg

rejoice rjc rejoicing rjcg said sd

should shd such sch themselves themvs

thyself thyf today td together tgr

tomorrow tm tonight tn would wd

your yr yourself yrf yourselves yrvs

Revised January 2022 - 211 - UEB Training Manual

Shortform Extension List

The words on this list are taken from

The Rules of Unified English Braille:

Second Edition 2013,

and related updates, which are available for download

from http://www.iceb.org. Refer to the updated rules of Section 10.9 and

Appendix 1 for the latest information on the use of shortforms.

The letter “s” or apostrophe “s” may be added to the end of any word

described on this list.

Specific words where shortforms may not be used are shown as

exceptions.

about

aboutface aboutfaced aboutfacer

aboutfacing aboutturn aboutturned

eastabout gadabout here about

knockabout layabout north about

rightabout round about roust about

runabout south about stirabout

there about turnabout walkabout

westabout where about

But:

abouts

above abv

aboveboard aboveground abovementioned

here inabove

according ac

accordingly unaccording unaccordingly

across acr

readacross

Revised January 2022 - 212 - UEB Training Manual

after af

afterbattle afterbirth afterbreakfast

afterburn afterburned afterburner

afterburning aftercare afterclap

aftercoffee afterdamp afterdark

afterdeck afterdinner afterflow

aftergame afterglow afterguard

afterhatch afterhatches afterhour

afterlife afterlight afterlives

afterlunch afterlunches aftermarket

aftermatch aftermatches aftermath

aftermeeting aftermen tion ed aftermidday

aftermidnight aftermost afterpain

after parties after party afterpiece

afterplay aftersale afterschool

aftersensation after shave after shock

after show aftershow er aftersupper

aftertaste aftertax aftertaxes

aftertea after the ater after theatre

after th ought after time aftertreatment

after word after work after world

here after here in after morning after

there after there in after whereafter

where inafter

afternoon afn

afternoontea goodafternoon midafternoon

afterward afw

again

here again here inagain there again

there in again where again wherein again

Revised January 2022 - 213 - UEB Training Manual

against ag/

here against there against where against

almost alm

But:

almosts

already alr

also al

although al?

altogether alt

always alw

because 2c

before 2f

beforehand beforemen tioned

behind 2h

behindhand

below 2l

belowdeck belowground belowmention ed

beneath 2n

beneathdeck beneathground

Revised January 2022 - 214 - UEB Training Manual

beside 2s

between 2t

betweendeck betweentime betweenwhile

beyond 2y

blind bl

[Use the shortform for “blind” if it begins a word and is not followed

by a vowel or “y”.]

Other words in which “blind” may be used.

colorblind colorblindness colorblindnesses

colourblind colourblindness colourblindnesses

deafblind DeafBlind deafblindness

deafblindnesses purblind purblindly

purblindness purblindnesses snow blind

snowblind ness snow blind nesses unblindfold

unblindfolded unblindfolding

braille brl

[Use the shortform for braille wherever it occurs.]

children *n

[Use the shortform for “children” wherever it occurs provided it is not

followed by a vowel or “y”.]

Other word in which “children” may be used.

children'swear

conceive 3cv

conceived conceiver

conceiving 3cvg

Revised January 2022 - 215 - UEB Training Manual

could cd

coulda couldest couldn't

couldn't've couldst could've

deceive dcv

arch deceiver deceived deceiver

undeceive undeceived undeceiver

deceiving dcvg

undeceiving

declare dcl

declared declarer undeclare

undeclared

declaring dclg

either ei

first f/

[Use the shortform for “first” if it begins a word and is not followed by

a vowel or “y”.]

Other words in which “first” may be used.

feetfirst firstaid firstaider

headfirst tailfirst

Revised January 2022 - 216 - UEB Training Manual

friend fr

[Use the shortform for “friend” if it begins a word and is not followed

by a vowel or “y”.]

Other words in which “friend” may be used.

befriend boyfriend defriend

galfriend gentlemanfriend gentlemenfriends

girlfriend guyfriend ladyfriend

manfriend men friends penfriend

schoolfriend unfriend unfriendlier

unfriendliest unfriendliness unfriendlinesses

unfriendly womanfriend women friends

good gd

[Use the shortform for “good” if it begins a word and is not followed

by a vowel or “y”.]

Other words in which “good” may be used:

feelgood goodafternoon gooder

goodest goodeven ing goodie

goodish goodun goody

goodyear scattergood super good

great grt

[Use the shortform for “great” wherever it occurs.]

herself h]f

him hm

himbo himboes

But:

hims

himself hmf

Revised January 2022 - 217 - UEB Training Manual

immediate imm

immediately immediateness

its xs

itself xf

letter lr

[Use the shortform for “letter” if it begins a word and is not followed

by a vowel or “y”.]

Other words in which “letter” may be used.

bloodletter chain letter hateletter

letter ed letter er letter ing

letteropener loveletter newsletter

reletter reletter ed relettering

unletter ed

little ll

[Use the shortform for “little” if it begins a word and is not followed by

a vowel or “y”.]

Other words in which “little” may be used.

belittle belittled belittlement

belittler

much m*

forasmuch inasmuch insomuch

muchly much ness overmuch

must m/

musta mustard mustardy

mustier mustiest mustily

mustiness mustn't mustn't've

must've musty

myself myf

Revised January 2022 - 218 - UEB Training Manual

necessary nec

unnecessary

neither nei

oneself "of

ourselves \rvs

paid pd

highlypaid illpaid lowlypaid

overpaid poorlypaid post paid

prepaid repaid underpaid

unpaid unrepaid wellpaid

perceive p]cv

apperceive apperceived apperceiver

misperceive misperceived misperceiver

perceived perceiver unperceive

unperceived

perceiving p]cvg

apperceiving misperceiving unperceiving

perhaps p]h

perhapses

Revised January 2022 - 219 - UEB Training Manual

quick qk

[Use the shortform for “quick” if it begins a word and is not followed

by a vowel or “y”.]

Other words in which “quick” may be used.

doublequick quick en quickened

quicken er quicken ing quicker

quickest quickie quickish

quickishly quicky superquick

unquick

receive rcv

preceive preceiver received

receiver receivership unreceived

receiving rcvg

preceiving

rejoice rjc

rejoiced rejoiceful rejoicefully

rejoiceful ness rejoicer unrejoice

unrejoiced unrejoicer unrejoice ful

unrejoicefully unrejoice fulness

rejoicing rjcg

rejoicingly unrejoicing unrejoicingly

said sd

aforesaid foresaid gainsaid

missaid saidest said st

unsaid

should %d

shoulda shouldest shouldn't

shouldn't've shouldst should've

Revised January 2022 - 220 - UEB Training Manual

such s*

nonesuch nonsuch some such

suchlike

themselves !mvs

thyself ?yf

today td

together tgr

together ness

tomorrow tm

tonight tn

would wd

'twould 'twoulda 'twouldn't

'twouldn't've 'twould've woulda

wouldest wouldn't wouldn't've

wouldst would've

your yr

yourself yrf

do-it-yourselfer

yourselves yrvs

Revised January 2022 - 221 - UEB Training Manual

Glossary of Braille Signs

Shortforms have not been included in this list. A complete alphabetical

list of shortforms can be found on page 210.

a A

Acute Accent

Ampersand &

–ance

and &

Apostrophe ' '

as z

Asterisk * "9

“At” Sign @

b b

Backward slash \

–bb–

be 2

be– 2

Bold

Symbol

Word

Passage

Terminator

Brackets

Brace/Curly Brackets { }

_< _>

Round Brackets ( )

"< ">

Square Brackets [ ]

.< .>

Bullet

• _4

but

Revised January 2022 - 222 - UEB Training Manual

c c

can

cannot _c

Capitals

Letter

Word

Passage

,,,

Terminator

–cc–

Cedilla ^&

Cent ¢

character "*

child *

Circumflex ^%

Colon, ratio :

Comma ,

con–

Continuation Indicator "

d d

Dagger †

@,?

Dash —

day

Decimal 4

Degree °

dis–

Divide ÷ "/

Dollar $ @s

Double Dagger ‡

@,]

e e

–ea–

ed $

Ellipsis … 444

–ence ;e

enough 5

Revised January 2022 - 223 - UEB Training Manual

Equals = "7

]

Euro € @e

ever

every e

Exclamation ! 6

f f

father

–ff– 6

Flat ♭ #<

for

Forward Slash / _/

Fraction line (simple)

from

–ful ;l

Full stop . 4

g g

–gg–

gh <

go g

Grade 1

Symbol

;

Word

;;

Passage

;;;

Terminator

Grave Accent

h h

had

have h

here "h

his 8

Hyphen - -

i i

–ing +

it x

Revised January 2022 - 224 - UEB Training Manual

Italic

Symbol

Word

Passage

Terminator

–ity

j j

just

k k

know

knowledge k

l l

–less

like l

Long Dash ⸺ ",-

lord

m m

many

–ment ;t

Minus − "-

mother "m

Multiply × "8

n n

name

Natural ♮ #*

–ness

not n

Numeric Prefix #

Numeric Space

o o

(

one "o

Revised January 2022 - 225 - UEB Training Manual

–ong ;g

ou \

ought "\

–ound .d

–ount .t

out \

ow {

p p

Paragraph Symbol ¶

part

people p

Percent % .0

Plus +

Pound £

q q

question

Question Mark ? 8

quite

Quotation Marks

Double

8 0

Single ,8 ,0

Two-cell double ^8 ^0

r r

rather

Ratio 3

Registered Trademark ®

right

s s

Script

Symbol

Word

Passage

Terminator

Section Symbol §

Semicolon ;

shall %

Revised January 2022 - 226 - UEB Training Manual

Sharp ♯ #%

–sion

Slash

Backward \

Forward /

some "s

spirit _s

st /

still /

t t

that t

the !

their _!

there "!

these ^!

this ?

those ^?

through "?

Tilde Accent ^]

Tilde Symbol ~

time

–tion ;n

Trademark ™ ^t

Transcriber's Note Indicators

@.< @.>

u u

Umlaut

under

Underline

Symbol

Word

Passage

Terminator

Underscore (low line)

upon

us U

v V

very

Revised January 2022 - 227 - UEB Training Manual

w W

was

were 7

wh :

where ":

which :

whose ^:

will W

with )

word ^W

work "W

world _W

x X

y Y

you

young "Y

z Z

Revised January 2022 - 228 - UEB Training Manual

Index

Abbreviations

Print 159

Reference 166

Unit 163

Accents

Acute 169

Cedilla 169

Circumflex 169

Dieresis/Umlaut 169

Grave 169

Tilde 169

Acronyms 161

Acute Accent 169

Alphabet 15, 18, 20

Alphabetic Wordsigns 23

Ampersand & 130

–ance, Final-letter Groupsign 102

and, Strong Contraction

Groupsign 29

Wordsign 26

Apostrophe 34, 143

ar, Strong Groupsign 42

as, Alphabetic Wordsign 23

Asterisk * 130

At Sign @ 131

b Alphabetic Wordsign, but 23

Backslash \ 131

bb, Lower Groupsign 52, 69

be, Lower Groupsign 47, 68

With Hyphen or Dash 49

be, Lower Wordsign 60, 69

Bold Typeform Indicators 146

Brackets

Braces or Curly 116

Round or Parentheses 54

Square 116

Braille 10

Braille Page Number 13, 111, 181

Brailler, Perkins 10

Bullet • 131

c Alphabetic Wordsign, can 23

cannot, Initial-letter Contraction 97

Capitals Mode Indicators

Letter 15, 24, 137, 152

Multiple Paragraphs 155

Passage 137, 154

Terminator 137, 154

Word 137, 152

cc, Lower Groupsign 52, 69

Cedilla 169

Cent ¢ 164

Centre a line 14

ch, Strong Groupsign 32

Strong Wordsign, child 34

character, Initial-letter Contraction 89

Circumflex 169

Colon 38

Comma 18

con, Lower Groupsign 47, 68

With Hyphen or Dash 49

Continuation Indicator 122, 133

Contraction, Definition 11

Contractions, Choice of 33, 38, 48, 53,

57, 73

Summary 197

Curly Brackets or Braces 116

Currency 164

Cent ¢ 164

Dollar $ 164

Euro € 164

Pound £ 164

Revised January 2022 - 229 - UEB Training Manual

d Alphabetic Wordsign, do 23

Dagger † 193

Dash 48, 69, 112

Long Dash 112

With be, con or dis 49

With Shortforms 50

With Wordsigns 44

Dates 127

day, Initial-letter Contraction 74

Decimals 126

Definitions 11

Degree ° 164

Dieresis 169

dis, Lower Groupsign 47, 68

With Hyphen or Dash 49

Division Sign 129

Dollar $ 164

Double Dagger ‡ 193

Double Quotation Marks 39, 114

Two-cell 115

e Alphabetic Wordsign, every 23

ea, Lower Groupsign 52, 69

ed, Strong Groupsign 37

Electronic Addresses 133

Ellipsis … 115

Email Addresses 133

en, Lower Groupsign 56, 69

Lower Wordsign, enough 62, 69

–ence, Final-letter Groupsign 102

Equals Sign 129

er, Strong Groupsign 37

Euro € 164

ever, Initial-letter Contraction 74

Exclamation Mark 29

f Alphabetic Wordsign, from 23

father, Initial-letter Contraction 74

ff, Lower Groupsign 52, 69

Final-letter Groupsigns 101

–ance, –ence, –sion, –tion, –less, –

ness 102

–ful, –ity 108

–ound, –ong, –ount, –ment 106

Flat ♭ (musical accidental) 193

for, Strong Contraction

Groupsign 29

Wordsign 26

Foreign Words 170

Formatting

Braille Page Number 13, 111, 181

Centre a line 14

Drama 179

Headings 174

Lists 176

Navigation Line 13, 111, 181

Paragraphs 110, 176

Poetry 178

Print Page Number 13, 111, 181

Print Page Turnover 182

Running Title 181

Formatting of Practice Exercises 13, 110

Forward Slash / 132

Fractions 125

Linear Fractions 125

Mixed Numbers 126

Simple Numeric Fraction Line 125

–ful, Final-letter Groupsign 108

Full Stop 16

g Alphabetic Wordsign, go 23

gg, Lower Groupsign 52, 69

gh, Strong Groupsign 32

Grade 1 Mode Indicators 138

Grade 1 Passage 141

Grade 1 Symbol 118, 139, 140

Grade 1 Terminator 141

Grade 1 Word 141

Grade 1 Mode, With Numeric Mode 124

Grave Accent 169

Groupsign, Definition 11

Revised January 2022 - 230 - UEB Training Manual

h Alphabetic Wordsign, have 23

had, Initial-letter Contraction 97

Headings 174

here, Initial-letter Contraction 74

his, Lower Wordsign 60, 69

Hyphen 43, 69

In Compound Words 44

With be, con or dis 49

With Lower Wordsigns 60

With Numbers 123

With Shortforms 50

With Wordsigns 44

Word Division 200

in, Lower Groupsign 56, 69

Lower Wordsign, in 62, 69

Indicators

Bold 146

Capitals Mode 137

Grade 1 Mode 138

Italic 146

Script 146

Transcriber's Note 116

Typeform 146

Underline 146

ing, Strong Groupsign 42

Not at beginning of a word 42, 57

Initial-letter Contractions

With Dot 5

day, ever, father, here, know, lord,

mother 74

name, one, part, question, right,

some, time, under 81

work, young, there, character,

through, where, ought 89

With Dots 4 5

upon, word, these, those, whose

With Dots 4 5 6

cannot, had, many, spirit, world,

their 97

Initials 158

Internet Addresses 133

it, Alphabetic Wordsign 23

Italic Typeform Indicators 146

–ity, Final-letter Groupsign 108

j Alphabetic Wordsign, just 23

k Alphabetic Wordsign, knowledge 23

know, Initial-letter Contraction 74

l Alphabetic Wordsign, like 23

Layout of Practice Exercises 13, 110

–less, Final-letter Groupsign 102

Long Dash 112

lord, Initial-letter Contraction 74

Lower Groupsigns

be, con, dis 47, 68

ea, bb, cc, ff, gg 52, 69

en, in 56, 69

Summary 68

Lower Sign Rule 57, 62, 68

Summary 206

Lower Sign, Definition 11

Lower Wordsigns

be, his, was, were 60, 69

enough, in 62, 69

Summary 69

m Alphabetic Wordsign, more 23

many, Initial-letter Contraction 97

Mathematical Comparison Sign, equals

129

Mathematical Operation Signs, plus,

minus, multiply, divide, ratio 128

–ment, Final-letter Groupsign 106

Minus Sign 128

Mixed Numbers 126

mother, Initial-letter Contraction 74

Multiplication sign 128

Revised January 2022 - 231 - UEB Training Manual

Musical Accidentals, Flat ♭, Sharp ♯,

Natural ♮ 193

n Alphabetic Wordsign, not 23

name, Initial-letter Contraction 81

Natural ♮ (musical accidental) 193

Navigation Line 13, 111, 181

–ness, Final-letter Groupsign 102

Nesting 136, 149

Numbers 16, 121

Continuation Indicator 122

Decimals 126

Fractions 125

Large Numbers 122

Ordinal Numbers 124

Roman 143

With Hyphen 123

Numeric Fraction Line 125

Numeric Mode 121

Also Sets Grade 1 Mode 124

Numeric Prefix 16, 121

Numeric Space 122

Oblique Stroke 132

of, Strong Contraction

Groupsign 29

Wordsign 26

one, Initial-letter Contraction 81

–ong, Final-letter Groupsign 106

Order of Indicators and Other Signs 136

Ordinal Numbers 124

Roman 144

ou, Strong Groupsign 37

Strong Wordsign, out 38

ought, Initial-letter Contraction 89

–ound, Final-letter Groupsign 106

–ount, Final-letter Groupsign 106

ow, Strong Groupsign 37

p Alphabetic Wordsign, people 23

Paragraph Sign ¶ 166

Paragraphs 110, 176

Parentheses or Round brackets 54

part, Initial-letter Contraction 81

Percent Sign % 131

Perkins Brailler 10

Plus Sign 128

Pound £ 164

Prefixes 209

Print Abbreviations 159

Print Page Number 13, 111, 181

Print Page Turnover 182

Proper Names 157

Punctuation

Apostrophe 34

Brackets

Braces or Curly 116

Round or Parentheses 54

Square 116

Colon 38

Comma 18

Dash 48, 112

Long Dash 112

Ellipsis … 115

Exclamation Mark 29

Full Stop 16

Hyphen 43

Question Mark 29

Quotation Marks 39, 114

Semicolon 27

Punctuation, Rules of 117

Punctuation, with Typeforms 149

q Alphabetic Wordsign, quite 23

Question Mark 29

question, Initial-letter Contraction 81

Quotation Marks

Double 39, 114

Single 114

Two-cell double 115

Revised January 2022 - 232 - UEB Training Manual

r Alphabetic Wordsign, rather 23

Registered Trademark ® 194

right, Initial-letter Contraction 81

Roman Numerals 143

Round Brackets or Parentheses 54

Running Title 181

s Alphabetic Wordsign, so 23

Script Typeform Indicators 146

Section Sign § 166

Semicolon 27

sh, Strong Groupsign 32

Strong Wordsign, shall 34

Sharp ♯ (musical accidental) 193

Shortforms 49, 65, 70, 77, 85, 91, 210

Definition 11

Rules of Use 50, 205

Shortform Extension List 211

Shortform Table 210

Single Quotation Marks 114

–sion, Final-letter Groupsign 102

Slash

Backslash \ 131

Forward Slash / 132

some, Initial-letter Contraction 81

spirit, Initial-letter Contraction 97

Square Brackets 116

st, Strong Groupsign 42

Strong Wordsign, still 43

Strong Contractions, and, of, for, the,

with 26

Strong Groupsigns

and, of, for, the, with 29

ch, gh, sh, th, wh 32

ed, er, ou, ow 37

st, ar, ing 42

Strong Sign, Definition 11

Strong Wordsigns

and, of, for, the, with 26

child, shall, this, which 34

out 38

still 43

Symbols

Ampersand & 130

Asterisk * 130

At Sign @ 131

Backslash \ 131

Bullet • 131

Currency 164

Cent ¢ 164

Dollar $ 164

Euro € 164

Pound £ 164

Dagger † 193

Degree ° 164

Double Dagger ‡ 193

Forward Slash / 132

Musical Accidentals

Flat ♭, Sharp ♯, Natural ♮ 193

Percent Sign % 131

Registered Trademark ® 194

Tilde ~ 132

Trademark ™ 194

Underscore _ 132

t Alphabetic Wordsign, that 23

th, Strong Groupsign 32

Strong Wordsign, this 34

the, Strong Contraction

Groupsign 29

Wordsign 26

their, Initial-letter Contraction 97

there, Initial-letter Contraction 89

these, Initial-letter Contraction 95

those, Initial-letter Contraction 95

through, Initial-letter Contraction 89

Tilde ~ 132

Tilde Accent 169

Time 127

time, Initial-letter Contraction 81

–tion, Final-letter Groupsign 102

Trademark ™ 194

Transcriber's Note Indicators 116

Revised January 2022 - 233 - UEB Training Manual

Typeform Indicators

Multiple Indicators 149

Multiple paragraphs 148

Passage 148

Symbol 147

Terminator 148

With Punctuation 149

Word 147

u Alphabetic Wordsign, us 23

Umlaut 169

under, Initial-letter Contraction 81

Underline Typeform Indicators 146

Underscore _ 132

Unified English Braille 10

Unit Abbreviations 163

upon, Initial-letter Contraction 95

Upper Sign, Definition 11

v Alphabetic Wordsign, very 23

w Alphabetic Wordsign, will 23

was, Lower Wordsign 60, 69

were, Lower Wordsign 60, 69

wh, Strong Groupsign 32

Strong Wordsign, which 34

where, Initial-letter Contraction 89

whose, Initial-letter Contraction 95

with, Strong Contraction

Groupsign 29

Wordsign 26

Word Division 200

Contractions In 201

Hyphen added by transcriber 202

Hyphen exists in print 201

word, Initial-letter Contraction 95

Wordsigns

Definition 11

Rules of Use 44, 205

work, Initial-letter Contraction 89

world, Initial-letter Contraction 97

x Alphabetic Wordsign, it 23

y Alphabetic Wordsign, you 23

young, Initial-letter Contraction 89

z Alphabetic Wordsign, as 23